The Essentials of Extracranial Carotid Ultrasonographic Imaging

Kaproth-Joslin, Katherine; Bhatt, Shweta; Scoutt, Leslie M.; Rubens, Deborah J.

doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2014.07.010

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These alterations point to an increase in resistance and a reduction of the vascular compliance of the carotid artery, that is, a reduction of the arterial blood flow through the artery in question. Severe degrees may result in significant reduction of the blood flow speed (SV, MV, DV), or the flow may become absent or even negative (reverse) (Johnston et al 1981, Kaproth-Joslin et al 2014.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another common occurrence is increased arterial blood flow through the contralateral carotid to compensate for the reduced blood flow in the brain and thus avoid ischemic brain lesions. On the other hand, the alteration of the blood flow in the two common carotids is more indicative of a diffuse arterial inflammatory process or of intracranial changes such as increased intracranial pressure or diffuse intracerebral vascular spasm (Johnston et al 1981, Kaproth-Joslin et al 2014.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of the common carotid arteries of equines and mules and the relation with body mass, age and neck circumference

et al. 2019

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As age increases, changes in cardiovascular anatomy and physiology occur, even in the absence of disease. Thus, studies of vessel hemodynamics are considered primordial to detect any cardiovascular changes. The objective of this study has been to describe the parameters of B-mode and spectral Doppler ultrasonography in the evaluation of the common carotid arteries of 11 equine and 11 mules, and correlate with age, body mass and neck circumferences. The diameters, intima - media thickness (IMT), resistivity index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), systolic velocity (SV), diastolic velocity (DV), maximum velocity (MV), vascular flow index (VFI), body mass, age, circumference and neck length. Ultrasonographic variables were evaluated in three different region called cranial, middle and caudal. Equine females presented higher values regarding the body mass, age and neck length, as compared to the neck circumferences of the animals, those of the mules were superior. The age of the mules had a positive correlation with the body mass, diameter and neck circumferences, it has a negative correlation between age and vessel diameters. The body mass of the mules had a positive correlation with age and vessel diameters, and with vessel diameters and neck circumferences in equine females. The RI and PI variables had a positive correlation with body mass for mules, and with age for equine females. The DV had a negative correlation with body mass for both equine and mule females. Regarding the variables MV and VFI, age correlated negatively for mules, while it was not significant for equine females. It found a difference between equine females and mules in the correlations performed, with body mass, age, neck circumferences and between B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography variables.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of the common carotid arteries of equines and mules and the relation with body mass, age and neck circumference

et al. 2019

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“…However, a major limitation of B-mode ultrasonography for the estimation of atherosclerotic burden is that the image is two-dimensional, often resulting in a poor estimate of overall plaque size. In addition, heavily calcified plaque can be difficult to penetrate and cause acoustic shadowing [36]. As a result, Doppler analysis is also performed during a carotid ultrasound study and is used to quantify stenosis mainly through the measurement of blood flow velocity.…”

Section: Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This shift in frequency is proportional to the flow velocity [37]. Therefore, Doppler imaging allows for the rapid detection of flow disturbance and provides an average blood flow velocity within a vessel [36]. Since flow volume through the vessel is constant, the velocity of flow is fastest at the stenotic segment [38].…”

Section: Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An incorrect angle will introduce error into the calculation of PSV, resulting in incorrect estimations of carotid stenosis [34]. Furthermore, if the colour gain is set to high, Doppler ultrasound can be prone to colour bleeding, which overestimates the size of the residual lumen and underestimates the degree of stenosis within the vessel [36]. Lastly, tortuous carotid arteries can result in an elevated PSV and subsequent overestimation of stenosis likely due to incorrect Doppler angle [34].…”

Section: Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vascular imaging of atherosclerosis: Strengths and weaknesses

2021

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Emerging nanoprobes for the features visualization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques

Wang,

Mu,

Liang

et al. 2024

Smart Medicine

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Atherosclerosis (AS) is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. In particular, the unpredictable rupture of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques (VASPs) can cause serious cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and even sudden death. Therefore, early evaluation of the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques is of great importance. However, clinical imaging techniques are only marginally useful in the presence of severe anatomical structural changes, making it difficult to evaluate plaque vulnerability at an early stage. With the development of molecular imaging and nanotechnology, specific nanoprobes constructed for the pathological features of VASPs have attracted much attention for their ability to visualize VASPs early and noninvasively at the cellular and molecular levels. Here, we outline the pathological features of VASPs, analyze the superiority and limitations of current clinical imaging techniques, introduce the rational design principles of nanoprobes, and systematically summarize the application of nanoprobes to visualize the features of VASPs at the cellular and molecular levels. In addition, we discussed the prospects and urgent challenges in this field, and we believe it will provide new ideas for the early and accurate diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.

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The Essentials of Extracranial Carotid Ultrasonographic Imaging

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of the common carotid arteries of equines and mules and the relation with body mass, age and neck circumference

B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of the common carotid arteries of equines and mules and the relation with body mass, age and neck circumference

Vascular imaging of atherosclerosis: Strengths and weaknesses

Emerging nanoprobes for the features visualization of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques

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