The estimation of the genetic correlation: the use of the jackknife

Roff, Derek A.; Preziosi, Richard F.

doi:10.1038/hdy.1994.153

Cited by 121 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This method of estimation is approximate as both the genetic covariance and variance may be biased by within-family (environmental) effects (Via, 1991;Roff & Preziosi, 1995). Such potential contamination, however, is not likely to influence the comparison of the genetic correlations between the insecticide-treated and insecticide-free populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in genetic architecture resulting from the evolution of insecticide resistance: a theoretical and empirical analysis

Carrière

Roff

1995

Heredity

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Under selection for insecticide resistance, the spread of a major resistance allele that has strong pleiotropic effects on life history characters will affect the genetic architecture of fitness. A model is developed showing that the spread of such an allele induces a change in the mean and in the additive genetic variance (heritability) of the life history characters, and in the genetic covariance (correlation) between these characters. The model was tested using a quantitative genetic study that compared, in a lepidopteran species (Choristoneura rosaceana), the genetic architecture of diapause propensity and larval weight within and among insecticidefree and insecticide-treated populations from the same geographical area. Significant genetic correlations between resistance to the insecticides and the life history traits were found within the populations, suggesting that the resistance allele(s) has pleiotropic effects on the life history characters. As resistance develops from an initial value of zero, the model predicts a positive relationship between the degree of resistance within the populations and, (1) the magnitude of the fitness costs, (2) the heritability of the life history traits, and (3) the absolute value of the genetic correlations between pairs of life history traits. All these predictions were confirmed. Moreover, the evolution of resistance apparently affected the environmental variance in larval weight. Hence, the novel evolution of insecticide resistance appears to result in major changes in the genetic architecture of fitness, which may limit to some extent the colonization of insecticide-treated habitats.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in genetic architecture resulting from the evolution of insecticide resistance: a theoretical and empirical analysis

Carrière

Roff

1995

Heredity

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“…Using simulation models, Roff and Preziosi (1994) showed that this jacknife approach provides better genetic estimates than those based on conventional inbred line means when the number of inbred lines contained in the analysis is small (o20 lines). It is important to note that estimates of genetic (co)variance from inbred lines contain variance because of dominance and/or epistasis and therefore should be considered broad-sense estimates (Falconer and Mackay, 1996).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where S N,i is the ith pseudo-value, r N is the genetic correlation estimated using the means of all N inbred lines, and r NÀ1,i is the genetic correlation obtained by dropping the ith inbred line alone (Roff and Preziosi, 1994). The jacknife estimate of the genetic correlation (r j ) is then simply the mean of the pseudo-values, and an estimate of the standard error (s.e.)…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heritability of each immune response was determined as the coefficient of intraclass correlation as calculated from an ANOVA of inbred lines following the protocol outlined in David et al (2005). Genetic correlations and their standard errors were estimated using the jackknife method of Roff and Preziosi (1994). In short, this procedure first estimates the genetic correlation between two traits using inbred line means.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inbred decorated crickets exhibit higher measures of macroparasitic immunity than outbred individuals

et al. 2010

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Inbreeding is assumed to have negative effects on fitness, including the reduced ability to withstand immune challenges. We examined the immunological consequences of inbreeding in decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus, by comparing lytic activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and encapsulation ability of crickets from eight inbred lines with that of crickets from the outbred founder population. Surprisingly, crickets from inbred lines had a greater encapsulation ability compared with crickets from the outbred population. We suggest that because inbred crickets have reduced reproductive effort, they may, therefore, have the option of devoting more resources to this form of immunity than outbred individuals. We also found that both inbred and outbred females had higher immunity than males in PO activity and implant darkness. This result supports the hypothesis that females should devote more effort to somatic maintenance and immunity than males. PO activity and implant darkness were heritable in both males and females, but lytic activity was only heritable in females. Males and females differed in the heritability of, and genetic correlations among, immune traits, suggesting that differences in selective pressures on males and females may have resulted in a sexual conflict over optimal immune trait values.

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“…The genetic correlation estimate, r g , reported in (a) is that provided by method 1, and the one reported in (b) is that of method 3. they are inflated by the error variance; this is analogous to the contamination of the productmoment correlation of genotypic means. The contaminating term is 2 divided by r, so the higher the number of replicates, the less the contamination (Via, 1984;Roff & Preziosi, 1994). To provide a method also valid in small samples, we developed an adjustment for the inflation by subtracting the error mean square divided by r from each of the two genetic variances before computing the geometric mean in eqn (4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Among-environment heteroscedasticity and the estimation and testing of genetic correlation

Dutilleul

Carrière

1998

Heredity

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The genetic correlation between a character in two environments is of considerable interest in the context of plant and animal breeding for the prediction of evolutionary trajectories and for the evaluation of the amount of genetic variance maintained at equilibrium in subdivided populations. The two-way analysis of variance with genotype and environment as crossed factors is the usual basis for estimating this genetic correlation. In plasticity experiments, the genetic variance can differ widely between environments, for instance when the variance component associated with the genotype-environment interaction is not constant over environments. When this is the case, the assumption of homoscedasticity is violated, and the ANOVA method tends to underestimate the absolute value of the genetic correlation. To solve this problem, a variance-stabilizing transformation previously applied in a multivariate ANOVA context was developed. This development resulted in a new procedure (method 3), in which the genetic correlation is estimated from the transformed data (i.e. after among-environment heteroscedasticity is removed, while the within-environment means are maintained). In a simulation study and an analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii growth rate data, we compared method 3 with two existing methods in which the genetic correlation is estimated from the raw data. Method 1 uses one 'global' variance component associated with the genotype-environment interaction, and method 2 uses two variance components associated with the genotype and obtained from one-way ANOVAs conducted separately in the two environments. Under increasing among-environment heteroscedasticity, method 1 produces increasingly biased genetic correlation estimates, whereas method 3 almost consistently provides accurate estimates; the performance of method 2 is intermediate, with more estimates out of range or indeterminate. This is the first demonstration that a variance-stabilizing transformation of the data removes the bias in the estimation of genetic correlation caused by among-environment heteroscedasticity, while allowing valid statistical testing in an ANOVA-based approach.

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The estimation of the genetic correlation: the use of the jackknife

Cited by 121 publications

References 16 publications

Change in genetic architecture resulting from the evolution of insecticide resistance: a theoretical and empirical analysis

Change in genetic architecture resulting from the evolution of insecticide resistance: a theoretical and empirical analysis

Inbred decorated crickets exhibit higher measures of macroparasitic immunity than outbred individuals

Among-environment heteroscedasticity and the estimation and testing of genetic correlation

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