The etching of ice crystals

Higuchi, Keiji

doi:10.1016/0001-6160(58)90157-3

Cited by 88 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The mirror-like basal planes produced by the evaporation are seen as convex "terraces" at the replica surface. The directions parallel and perpendicular to one of the six sides of the hexagon can be found to be ( 1120) a nd ( 1010) , respectively (Higuchi, 1958). The whole area of the replica surface could be observed sharply as seen Figure 2 shows the detail of the etch pits developed on the bottom of one of the large evaporation etch pits.…”

Section: Experimental Results (I) Etch Pits and Etch Channels Formed mentioning

confidence: 89%

Surface Topography of Etched Ice Crystals Observed by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Kuroiwa

1969

J. Glaciol.

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ABSTRACT. Surface topograph y of etched ice crysta ls was examin ed by a sca nning electron m icroscope in combination with a Formvar replica method . The d eep focus of the scanning electron microscope a ll owed observation of the sharply three-dimensional topography of ice surfaces. Various useful inform ation was obtain ed from microphotographs o f e tched basal and prisma tic planes, fractured surfaces, a nd grain boundaries form ed between microcrystals of ice. R EsuM E. T opographie sllperficielle de cristaux de glace sublimes par un microscope electroniqlle cl champ balayant .La topogra ph ie superfi ciell e de cristaux d e glace soumis a la sublim ation a ete exa minee dans le champ

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Section: Experimental Results (I) Etch Pits and Etch Channels Formed mentioning

confidence: 89%

Surface Topography of Etched Ice Crystals Observed by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Kuroiwa

1969

J. Glaciol.

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“…Grain size was determined by converting the measured grain cross-sectional area to the diameter of an equal-area circle. Crystal orientation measurements were performed using the 'etch pit method' described by Higuchi (1958) and Matsuda (1979), i.e. by measuring the angles and dimensions, under the differential interference microscope, of characteristic grooves derived from the hexagonal geometry and generated by the application and evaporation of a polyvinyl formal solution on smoothed ice surfaces.…”

Section: Sample Preparation and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel shearing apparatuses in confined flow for investigating recrystallization and fabric evolution processes in mono- and polycrystalline ice

Samyn¹,

Azuma²,

Matsuda

et al. 2014

J. Glaciol.

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ABSTRACT. The orientations of individual crystals within a polycrystalline aggregate subjected to stress have a strong influence on its bulk strain rate and flow behavior. The ability to include the effect of crystal fabric and recrystallization processes in an ice flow law, especially at the bottom of glaciers and ice sheets where temperature is close to the pressure-melting point, is important because the stratigraphy of the ice body may be affected and the paleoclimate reconstruction hampered. We present herein three newly developed deformation apparatuses offering the possibility, from single experiments, of investigating different finite strain stages and their corresponding c-axis fabric and grain texture patterns in various confined, shear flow configurations (simple shear, pure shear and compression/extension bending). The technical set-ups and major advantages compared to classical methods are explained, and results from experiments are discussed in order to illustrate the functioning and purposes of the methods. In all experiments, significant variations in the microstructural development have been observed that reflect the varying orientations of the anisotropy and its relationship to the stress pattern. In monocrystalline icebending experiments, the pre-existing c-axis fabric is shown to have a profound influence on the response to stress and possibly to the type of slip system activated.

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“…Internal microstructure was observed and photographed for gas, liquid and solid inclusions. Evaporation pits were formed on the specimen surface by the formvar method (Higuchi 1958, Matsuda 1979 to determine the crystal orientations.…”

Section: (B) Optical Microscopic Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Behavior of Basal Ice as Related to Modeling Considerations

Hirano

Langway

1984

A. Glaciology.

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Simple shear tests on the bottom 17 m of basal ice from Camp Century, Greenland, were carried out in order to study the flow behavior near the bottom of an ice sheet and its implications for ice-sheet modeling. The ice core was recovered in 1966. Our experimental results show that the basal ice tested, (which contained alternating bands of dirty and clean ice) has the highest strain-rate ever reported for polycrystalline ice under simple shear. The enhancement factors obtained are interpreted in terms of fabric, ageing, and impurity. Horizontal velocity profiles are calculated using data reported previously for Camp Century and Dye 3 stations. Various depthage relationships are compared with these data. The higher than expected shear strain-rates measured on samples of near-bottom ice from Camp Century may very well exist at other locations. If such high shear strain-rates are more prevalent than presently thought, they could have an important bearing on ages calculated by physical or mathematical models of ice sheets.

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The etching of ice crystals

Cited by 88 publications

References 5 publications

Surface Topography of Etched Ice Crystals Observed by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Surface Topography of Etched Ice Crystals Observed by a Scanning Electron Microscope

Novel shearing apparatuses in confined flow for investigating recrystallization and fabric evolution processes in mono- and polycrystalline ice

Flow Behavior of Basal Ice as Related to Modeling Considerations

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