Does the Arab Spring provide a new opening for Western cooperation with the Middle East? The Arab Spring involved a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests in the Arab world, starting on 18 December 2010, which forced rulers, at least partially, from power in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. Egypt, however, has since seen a reactionary movement re-establishing military power to the prerevolutionary state. Additional uprisings occurred also in Bahrain and Syria, the latter escalating into full-scale civil war. A number of other countries have also seen serious protests, ranging from Algeria, Iraq, Jordan and Kuwait to Morocco. It is particularly noteworthy that the fallout from the war in Libya has had side effects for a simmering rebellion in Mali, where it appears that al-Qaeda is establishing itself in the north of the country. The European Union (EU) has been concerned about such an eventuality in the Sahel for some time. While some observers have drawn comparisons between the Arab Spring and the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, the precise endpoint and the direction of the Arab Spring revolutions remain to be identified. In short, the Arab world currently faces a period of social protest and change, which challenges our understanding of politics in the region and established assumptions about Western foreign policy towards this region.Twice within the last hundred years, Western powers have tried to significantly alter the configuration of the Middle Eastern political order. The main aim of this Downloaded by [UQ Library] at 03:54 15 March 2015 special issue is to examine the extent to which the goal of democracy promotion has been in conflict with or, in contrast, supported by other goals (geo-strategic, economic and cultural) in the policies of the major actors towards the Middle East. It brings together scholars with research interests in Middle Eastern politics and those analysing the policies and interests of external actors. Against the backdrop of the recent 'War on Terror', the comparative and interdisciplinary outlook of the special issue offers the opportunity for much-needed intellectual exchange between political scientists, contemporary historians and international relations scholars from Europe, North America and the Middle East.The articles in this special issue tackle the major issues that occupy the minds of all historians and political scientists: how the world works as a political entity and how human beings, either individually or in groups, affect this, especially if they choose to operate outside contemporary systems and norms. The contributors also provide us with an important reminder of how current affairs reflect and reinforce centuries-old patterns of how states interact with each other. These issues occupied the mind of Europeans a century and a half ago who, under the umbrella of a different form of imperialism, attempted to eradicate the differences they encountered between themselves and the indigenous population. Such tactics would be considered unacceptable tod...