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The field of Justice, Liberty and Security has evolved into an important and dynamic policy domain since the early 1990s. An external policy dimension has developed in relation to internal security as the EU has wrestled with a range of transnational threats. This article analyses this external policy dimension and argues that the Union's response has two facets. First, the EU has sought to impose its model of internal security upon its neighbours. Secondly, it has attempted to foster norms within the international community that will help to address transnational security challenges.

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The Obama administration played a surprisingly interventionist role in the UK referendum on membership of the European Union, arguing that a vote to leave would damage European security. Yet this article contends that US attitudes towards the EU as a security actor, and the part played within it by the UK, have been much more complex than the US has sought to portray. While it has spoken the language of partnership, it has acted as if the EU has been a problem for US policy. The UK was used as part of the mechanism for managing that problem. In doing so America contributed, albeit inadvertently, to the Brexit result. With the aid of contrasting theoretical perspectives from Realism and Institutionalism, this article explores how America's security relationship with the UK has helped to engineer a security situation that the US wanted to avoid.

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