The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA): short-term effects

Abstract

The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA) resulted in a smoking prevention project for six European countries. It included activities on four levels: adolescents, schools, parents and out-of-school activities. Common goals and objectives were developed, but countries were also able to include additional objectives. National diversities required country-specific methods. The most important common element was a school-based programme consisting of at least five lessons paying attention to social influence processes and training in refusal skills. During the first year, significantly more smoking prevention activities were realized in experimental schools compared with control schools. Not all countries had the same number of lessons on resisting peer pressures. Significant cognitive changes were observed in Spain, resulting in more negative attitudes, increased self-efficacy levels and a more negative intention towards smoking in the experimental group. Counter-productive cognitive effects were observed in the UK. Significantly less onset of weekly smoking in experimental groups was found in Finland (4.7%) and Spain (3.1%). Counter-productive effects were observed in Denmark and the UK. In conclusion, while having common objectives, the ESFA approach allowed for a great deal of diversity. Fundamental research using dismantling designs is needed to be able to detect the most effective elements of smoking prevention programmes for different age groups. Attention to parenting styles and practices is also needed.

Pilot trial and process evaluation of a multilevel smoking prevention intervention in further education settings

“…perceived norms), by adapting NatCen items; 41 social and situational self-efficacy and skills, using the European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA) items; 42,43 and awareness of The Filter project. At the institutional level, two measures of college environmental change were piloted.…”

“…The aim was to explore potential changes in these individual-level characteristics that were targeted via the intervention and explicit in the logic model. NatCen attitudinal scales 41 and ESFA items assessing social and situational self-efficacy and skills 42,43 were used in this study. Table 15 shows the distribution of responses by arm at baseline.…”

“…The survey tool was adapted from NatCen items 41 social and situational self-efficacy and skills, using the ESFA items. 42,43 At follow-up, the survey incorporated questions on institutional-level influences, including awareness of college practices on smoking and The Filter project. It also considered community-level data to understand participant experience of tobacco purchasing and local retailer behaviour.…”

Diseño y validación de escalas para medir la actitud adolescente hacia: sexualidad, sustancias adictivas y seguridad vial: ¿Se relacionan con los comportamientos?

“…Tras revisar la literatura de referencia, se definieron los conceptos: la actitud hacia la sexualidad, las sustancias adictivas y la seguridad vial; se recogieron instrumentos para el diseño de las escalas 12,15,16,[19][20][21] y se redactaron ítems para las dimensiones no representadas.…”

“…Por ejemplo, en el área de la sexualidad, en el plano internacional, encontramos escalas sobre los conocimientos, autoeficacia y actitudes hacia el uso del preservativo (que ha sido adaptada al español), sobre la autoeficacia para la prevención y las actitudes hacia el VIH/SIDA [11][12][13] , y en el plano nacional encontramos aquellas para valorar las actitudes hacia la masturbación, o sobre las relaciones de género 14,15 . En relación a las sustancias adictivas, a nivel internacional y nacional se encuentran escalas para medir la intención de fumar, los conocimientos, creencias y actitudes sobre el uso del tabaco, la autoeficacia para evitar el consumo de tabaco, las actitudes hacia el alcohol, las actitudes hacia el tabaco y las actitudes hacia otras drogas [16][17][18][19] . Por último, en el área de la seguridad vial, a nivel nacional e internacional también se han encontrado escalas para medir diferentes factores de riesgo para los accidentes de tráficos tales como los conocimientos, las actitudes o la percepción del riesgo 2,20 .…”