The Evaluation and Management of Bradycardia

Abstract

There is considerable variation in the resting heart rate among the healthy, asymptomatic population. Spodick and others estimated that the "normal" range of heart rates in the afternoon was 46 to 93 beats per minute for men and 51 to 95 beats per minute for women. 5-7 Nocturnal rates are slower, decreasing during sleep by an average of 24 beats per minute in

The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of dual-chamber pacemakers compared with single-chamber pacemakers for bradycardia due to atrioventricular block or sick sinus syndrome: systematic review and economic evaluation

“…4 SSS is mainly the result of chronic fibrotic degenerative processes or calcification of the sinus node and/or the surrounding atrial tissues. These processes become more common with increasing age and may occur over years.…”

A Case of suspected Sick Sinus Syndrome due to combined Beta-blocker and Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy: Anesthesia Management

“…4 The SSS is characterized by sinus node dysfunction with an atrial rate inappropriate for physiologic requirements because the sinus node is unable to perform its pacemaking function (Figs 2 and 3). 1,2,5 The combination of CCB and BB is increasingly used in the management of hypertension. Anesthesia can cause myocardial depression in patients on BB 2 and silent myocardial ischemia in those on CCB.…”

“…1,2,5 The combination of CCB and BB is increasingly used in the management of hypertension. Anesthesia can cause myocardial depression in patients on BB 2 and silent myocardial ischemia in those on CCB. 6 However, the effect of anesthesia on patients receiving a combination of CCB and BB is unique and was studied by Samad et al, 7 who found that hypotension (systolic BP <90 mm Hg) and bradycardia (HR <50/min) were more common in CCB and BB group (55%) than in BB group (15%) alone.…”

“…Abnormalities encompassed by this syndrome include sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest or exit block, and combination of sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal conduction disturbances. 1,2 Beta-blockers and CCBs are the main groups of cardiac drugs in use for several years. Unfortunately, they also remain common causes of cardiovascular collapse following accidental or intentional overdose.…”

Standard 12-lead electrocardiogram tele-transmission: Support in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases in operations undertaken by Warsaw-area basic medical rescue teams between 2009 and 2013

“…The acquired AVB with an etiology other than coronary artery disease is normally idiopathic and affects elderly people. Apart from structural heart lesions, additional factors facilitating abnormal automaticity and conduction disorders in the heart among the population of people over 65 years old include: antiarrhythmic agents applied due to arrhythmia and/or heart failure, concomitant renal failure, and electrolyte imbalance [18,19]. The population of elderly people is increasing and so is the number of calls to incidents of collapse, syncope, which might be caused by sick sinus syndrome or AVB.…”