The Evaluation of Total Mercury and Arsenic in Skin Bleaching Creams Commonly used in Trinidad and Tobago and their Potential Risk to the People of the Caribbean

Abstract

Background. Skin lightening is very popular among women and some men of the Caribbean, and its popularity appears to be growing. The lightening of skin colour is done to produce a lighter complexion which is believed to increase attractiveness, social standing and improves one’s potential of being successful.Design and Methods. Fifteen (15) common skin lightening creams found in pharmacies and cosmetic retailers throughout Trinidad and Tobago were evaluated for Mercury by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (CVAAS) and Arsenic by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (HGAAS). The results obtained were compared to global standards and previous research.Results. Fourteen (14) of the fifteen samples analysed contained Mercury in the range of 0.473 μg/g to 0.766 μg/g. One sample had a Mercury content of 14,507.74±490.75 μg/g which was over 14,000 times higher than the USFDA limit for mercury in cosmetics of 1 μg/g. All samples contained Arsenic in the range 1.016 μg/g to 6.612 μg/g, which exceeds the EU limit for cosmetics of 0 μg/g.Conclusions. All the samples analysed contained significant amounts of Mercury and Arsenic and none of them can be considered safe for prolonged human use. The samples that contained Mercury levels which were lower than the USFDA limit contained Arsenic levels which exceeded the EU standard of 0 μg/g in cosmetics. The popularity of these skin lightening creams in the Caribbean region places the population at elevated risk of chronic Mercury and Arsenic poisoning and possibly acute Mercury Poisoning.Significance for public healthThe lightening of one’s skin to achieve a more attractive and successful appearance has become part of the culture of the Caribbean, and the use of low priced skin lightening creams is widespread. The dangers posed by these products is unknown to many of its users and for those better informed, the use of so called Mercury free creams are preferred. This study revealed that none of the products investigated were Mercury free and introduces the lesser known danger of Arsenic exposure from these creams. This study therefore serves to increase awareness of the dangers of these products to public health, and provides valuable information to the medical practitioner that may allow a more timely and accurate diagnosis of potential Arsenic and Mercury poisoning.

Skin‐lightening practices behind the veil: An epidemiological study among Saudi women

“…7 Several compounds in SLPs have been shown to influence these side effects including mercury, hydroquinone, and corticosteroids. 2 Mercury compounds were once popular in SLPs used in soap or cream, 8 but their popularity is sharply declining due to the well-established relationship between cosmetic products containing mercury compounds and renal complications. 4,9 Although mercury is prohibited in many countries, numerous studies worldwide concluded that mercury is still present in many SLPs.…”

The “wing-heeled” traveler

“…Cosmetics are well established sources of both organic mercury, which is used as a cosmetic preservative, and inorganic mercury which is commonly used as a skin lightening agent [14]. Skin bleaching creams are used in many countries worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Central and South America [15,16], and inorganic mercury has been documented in such creams even in North America [17].…”

Chemical analysis of Hg0-containing Hindu religious objects

“…These water-soluble complexes are readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and are highly nephrotoxic and neurotoxic. Inclusion of calomel (Hg 2 Cl 2 ) in skin lightening creams has led to incidents of poisonings via dermal uptake, inhalation, and possible ingestion [13–16]. Recent evidence also indicates that when calomel is used on human skin, reduction to Hg 0 can occur, increasing the rate of contamination throughout households [13].…”