The Evolution, Ecology, and Mechanisms of Infection by Gram-Positive, Plant-Associated Bacteria

Thapa, Shree Prasad; Davis, Edward W.; Lyu, Qingyang; Weisberg, Alexandra J.; Stevens, Danielle M.; Clarke, Christopher R.; Coaker, Gitta; Chang, Jeff H.

doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100124

Cited by 41 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 148 publications

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“…Most bacteria live in the apoplastic space where they live off the nutrients of the plant. However, some can also enter into cells [14,18,19,77].…”

Section: Bacterial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress

Zechmann

2020

Plants

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Glutathione and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles, within different cell compartments, in activating plant defense and the development of resistance. In mitochondria, the accumulation of ROS and the change of glutathione towards its oxidized state leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, activates cell death, and triggers resistance. The accumulation of glutathione in chloroplasts and peroxisomes at the early stages of plant pathogen interactions is related to increased tolerance and resistance. The collapse of the antioxidative system in these two cell compartments at the later stages leads to cell death through retrograde signaling. The cytosol can be considered to be the switchboard during biotic stress where glutathione is synthesized, equally distributed to, and collected from different cell compartments. Changes in the redox state of glutathione and the accumulation of ROS in the cytosol during biotic stress can initiate the activation of defense genes in nuclei through pathways that involve salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, auxins, and abscisic acid. This review dissects the roles of glutathione in individual organelles during compatible and incompatible bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases in plants and explores the subcelluar roles of ROS, glutathione, ascorbate, and related enzymes in the development of resistance.

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“…Most bacteria live in the apoplastic space where they live off the nutrients of the plant. However, some can also enter into cells [14,18,19,77].…”

Section: Bacterial Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress

Zechmann

2020

Plants

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“…Among the economically important gram‐positive bacterial plant pathogens, Cff is the least studied member, with no information from the virulence repertoires and pathogenicity determinates (Osdaghi et al , ; ; Thapa et al , ). The reason for this is that no genetic manipulation technologies and transformation vectors have been developed yet for the bacterium, although it is possible that platforms for the closely related pathogens C. michiganensis and Leifsonia xyli subsp.…”

Section: Pathogenicity Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, there has not been any complete genome sequence of Cff strains, although genome sequences of a number of nonpathogenic C. flaccumfaciens strains were recently released (Chase et al ., ). Similar to its actinobacterial relatives, for example C. michiganensis , Clavibacter sepedonicus , Rathayibacter tritici , and L. xyli , Cff colonizes the xylem system of the host plant and moves endophytically (Zaumeyer, ; Thapa et al , ). There is a lack of type III secretion system (T3SS) in actinobacterial plant pathogens.…”

Section: Pathogenicity Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a lack of type III secretion system (T3SS) in actinobacterial plant pathogens. Instead they use a set of lytic enzymes, toxins, and hormones to disrupt host plant cell walls and acquire nutrients (Thapa et al , ). Bacterial wilt pathogens multiply throughout the water‐conducting tissues of the plant and impede water movement, resulting in wilt symptoms.…”

Section: Pathogenicity Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial wilt of dry beans caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens: A new threat from an old enemy

Osdaghi

Young

Harveson

2020

Molecular Plant Pathology

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This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.In this review, we provide an updated overview on the aetiology, epidemiology, and management of bacterial wilt of dry beans and the current taxonomic status of the causal agent Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens. AbstractBacterial wilt and tan spot of dry beans (family Fabaceae), caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, is an important emerging disease threatening the edible legume industry around the globe. The management of bacterial wilt has been a major problem since its original description in 1922. This is in part due to the seedborne nature of the pathogen allowing the bacterium to be transmitted long distances via infected seeds, as well as a lack of detailed molecular information concerning the pathogenicity repertoires and virulence determinates of the pathogen. Identification can also be difficult owing to the presence of five different colony colour variants (i.e., yellow, orange, pink, purple, and red) on culture media. In this review, we provide an overview of the aetiology, epidemiology, and management strategies of bacterial wilt disease. First, a comprehensive and comparative symptomology of the disease on different dry bean species is described. Then, the taxonomic history of the causal agent and utility of high-throughput sequencing-based approaches in the precise characterization of the pathogen is explained. Furthermore, we provide an updated outline on the global distribution of the pathogen, highlighting expansion of the causal agent into the areas with no history of the disease until the beginning of the current century. Finally, because there are limited options for use of conventional pesticides against the pathogen, we highlight the use of integrated pest management strategies, for example quarantine inspections, resistant cultivars, and crop sanitation, to combat the risk of bacterial wilt disease in the dry bean industry. Disease symptoms: Interveinal chlorosis on leaflets leading to necrotic areas and systemic wilt. Seed discolouration to yellow, orange, pink, or purple is seen in whiteseeded cultivars. Host range: Causes bacterial wilt and tan spot disease on edible dry beans in the Fabaceae family, including common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), mungbean (Vigna radiata), soybean (Glycine max), as well as a number of weed species.

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“…However, methylated cytokinins accumulate to low levels in bacteria and their levels do not vary in a plasmid-dependent manner (Pertry et al, 2009(Pertry et al, , 2010. A third model suggests that iP is the only type that is synthesized in a fas dependent manner but whether it directly causes disease has also been questioned (Creason et al, 2014;Jameson et al, 2019;Thapa et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytopathogenic Rhodococcus Have Diverse Plasmids With Few Conserved Virulence Functions

et al. 2020

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Rhodococcus is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria with species that can cause growth deformations to a large number of plant species. This ability to cause disease is hypothesized to be dependent on a cluster of three gene loci on an almost 200 kbsized linear plasmid. To reevaluate the roles of some of the genes in pathogenicity, we constructed and characterized deletion mutants of fasR and four fas genes. Findings confirmed that fasR, which encodes a putative transcriptional regulator, is necessary for pathogenesis. However, three of the fas genes, implicated in the metabolism of plant growth promoting cytokinins, are dispensable for the ability of the pathogen to cause disease. We also used long-read sequencing technology to generate high quality genome sequences for two phytopathogenic strains in which virulence genes are diverged in sequence and/or hypothesized to have recombined into the chromosome. Surprisingly, findings showed that the two strains carry extremely diverse virulence plasmids. Ortholog clustering identified only 12 genes present on all three virulence plasmids. Rhodococcus requires a small number of horizontally acquired traits to be pathogenic and the transmission of the corresponding genes, via recombination and conjugation, has the potential to rapidly diversify plasmids and bacterial populations.

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The Evolution, Ecology, and Mechanisms of Infection by Gram-Positive, Plant-Associated Bacteria

Cited by 41 publications

References 148 publications

Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress

Subcellular Roles of Glutathione in Mediating Plant Defense during Biotic Stress

Bacterial wilt of dry beans caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens: A new threat from an old enemy

Phytopathogenic Rhodococcus Have Diverse Plasmids With Few Conserved Virulence Functions

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