The Evolution of 3D Anatomical Models: A Brief Historical Overview

Narang, Pranay; Raju, Bharath; Jumah, Fareed; Konar, Subhas; Nagaraj, Anmol; Gupta, Gaurav; Nanda, Anil

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.07.133

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Three-dimensional virtual models are not unique to the field of neurosurgery or medicine. Use of these models began in the 1950s and 1960s as computer-aided design systems for military simulators and the aerospace and automobile industry ( 27 – 29 ). Later, mathematical algorithms were created to define virtual 3D solid models ( 27 , 30 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Use of these models began in the 1950s and 1960s as computer-aided design systems for military simulators and the aerospace and automobile industry ( 27 – 29 ). Later, mathematical algorithms were created to define virtual 3D solid models ( 27 , 30 ). Now, with the emergence of advanced neuroimaging modalities and volumetric reconstruction, the means of teaching neurosurgical anatomy has been markedly influenced, opening the possibility for learning anatomy and simulating surgical interventions through virtual reality ( 13 , 31 , 32 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physical models provide the advantage of real anatomical substances, but they are subject to decay and manipulation and require preservation and constant maintenance. In contrast, virtual models can be shared electronically, yield joint diagnostics and collective expertise, and eliminate geographical limitations ( 27 ). High-quality neurosurgical training and education can be continued in the comfort of a training neurosurgeon’s home or office rather than a cadaveric dissection laboratory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Validation of a Novel Methodological Pipeline to Integrate Neuroimaging and Photogrammetry for Immersive 3D Cadaveric Neurosurgical Simulation

et al. 2022

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BackgroundVisualizing and comprehending 3-dimensional (3D) neuroanatomy is challenging. Cadaver dissection is limited by low availability, high cost, and the need for specialized facilities. New technologies, including 3D rendering of neuroimaging, 3D pictures, and 3D videos, are filling this gap and facilitating learning, but they also have limitations. This proof-of-concept study explored the feasibility of combining the spatial accuracy of 3D reconstructed neuroimaging data with realistic texture and fine anatomical details from 3D photogrammetry to create high-fidelity cadaveric neurosurgical simulations.MethodsFour fixed and injected cadaver heads underwent neuroimaging. To create 3D virtual models, surfaces were rendered using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, and segmented anatomical structures were created. A stepwise pterional craniotomy procedure was performed with synchronous neuronavigation and photogrammetry data collection. All points acquired in 3D navigational space were imported and registered in a 3D virtual model space. A novel machine learning-assisted monocular-depth estimation tool was used to create 3D reconstructions of 2-dimensional (2D) photographs. Depth maps were converted into 3D mesh geometry, which was merged with the 3D virtual model’s brain surface anatomy to test its accuracy. Quantitative measurements were used to validate the spatial accuracy of 3D reconstructions of different techniques.ResultsSuccessful multilayered 3D virtual models were created using volumetric neuroimaging data. The monocular-depth estimation technique created qualitatively accurate 3D representations of photographs. When 2 models were merged, 63% of surface maps were perfectly matched (mean [SD] deviation 0.7 ± 1.9 mm; range −7 to 7 mm). Maximal distortions were observed at the epicenter and toward the edges of the imaged surfaces. Virtual 3D models provided accurate virtual measurements (margin of error <1.5 mm) as validated by cross-measurements performed in a real-world setting.ConclusionThe novel technique of co-registering neuroimaging and photogrammetry-based 3D models can (1) substantially supplement anatomical knowledge by adding detail and texture to 3D virtual models, (2) meaningfully improve the spatial accuracy of 3D photogrammetry, (3) allow for accurate quantitative measurements without the need for actual dissection, (4) digitalize the complete surface anatomy of a cadaver, and (5) be used in realistic surgical simulations to improve neurosurgical education.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development and Validation of a Novel Methodological Pipeline to Integrate Neuroimaging and Photogrammetry for Immersive 3D Cadaveric Neurosurgical Simulation

et al. 2022

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“…That the use of anatomical models in teaching can be effective is known from medical education, in which the use of anatomical models has a longstanding tradition (Narang et al, 2021;Talairach-Vielmas, 2014). From studies in this context, it is known that three-dimensional anatomical models -whether plastic models (Smith et al, 2018) or digital threedimensional models (Haque et al, 2021;Nicholson et al, 2006;Zilverschoon et al, 2021) -can have a greater learning effect than two-dimensional representations.…”

Section: Anatomical Models In Science Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Teaching with Anatomical Models in Science Education on Primary School Children s Understanding of Human Organs

Damerau¹,

Beudels²,

Börtitz³

et al. 2022

iejee

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Primary school students often do not have differentiated conceptions of human organs and organ systems. As understanding the inner structure of the human body is an elementary prerequisite for the development of health awareness, appropriate forms of teaching must be developed to modify students’ fragmented preconceptions about the inside of their bodies into scientifically accurate concepts. Anatomical models are considered a medium to raise awareness of organs and their systemic integration; however, only a few studies have investigated their effectiveness in the context of primary school. This intervention study, therefore, examines the effect of anatomical models on the conceptions of inner organs in German primary school students (N = 45) in a pretest, posttest, and follow-up test design with anatomy teaching between pre- and posttests. Concepts were measured using students' drawings in two treatment groups (anatomical models versus anatomical illustrations). While in both treatment groups students' conceptions changed toward more scientific concepts, there was little difference in the changes between the two groups. There were even indications that the students of the control group showed more pronounced increases, for example, in long-term systemic integration of the organs. We discuss the reasons for this and furnish recommendations for effective teaching practices.

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“…Al igual que hicieron sus predecesores, la venta de los mismos se realizaba por catálogo y a través de proveedores que los distribuían a nivel internacional. Rápidamente sus modelos se volvieron muy populares y fueron producidos para responder a la demanda desde finales de la década de 1880 hasta principios de 1930, cuando terminaron por ser sustituidos por los fabricados con plástico (Narang, et al, 2021).…”

Section: Empresa Stegerunclassified

Anatomía natural versus anatomía artificial en la enseñanza de las ciencias

2022

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En este trabajo realizamos una revisión historiográfica sobre la fabricación de anatomías artificiales que fueron ampliamente demandadas como herramientas didácticas en la enseñanza de la naturaleza, entre finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XX. Se analizan los contextos educativos y sociales que favorecieron la amplia difusión de este tipo de artefactos en el comercio de la cultura científica, y se describen las técnicas de manufactura. Se concluye que estos artefactos, fruto del ingenio humano, son fuentes materiales de extraordinario valor para comprender la construcción y evolución de la ciencia, los avances en los recursos pedagógicos y las innovaciones tecnológicas.

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The Evolution of 3D Anatomical Models: A Brief Historical Overview

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Development and Validation of a Novel Methodological Pipeline to Integrate Neuroimaging and Photogrammetry for Immersive 3D Cadaveric Neurosurgical Simulation

Development and Validation of a Novel Methodological Pipeline to Integrate Neuroimaging and Photogrammetry for Immersive 3D Cadaveric Neurosurgical Simulation

The Effect of Teaching with Anatomical Models in Science Education on Primary School Children s Understanding of Human Organs

Anatomía natural versus anatomía artificial en la enseñanza de las ciencias

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