The evolution of Army wearable computers

Zieniewicz, M.J.; Johnson, D.C.; Wong, Charence; Flatt, J.D.

doi:10.1109/mprv.2002.1158276

Cited by 42 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…1 The council created the report in response to the energy challenges faced by the Land Warrior system, an early use of wearable computing for military applications. 2 The 2004 report, Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors, provides an update on the 1997 report. 3 One memorable quote from the first NRC report says, "Using new materials and chemistries, batteries are approaching explosives in terms of energy density."…”

Section: A Perishable Resourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding Dead Batteries

Satyanarayanan¹

2005

IEEE Pervasive Comput.

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A gripping scene in the movie Air Force One depicts the president of the United States getting technical help over a cell phone to dump fuel from his aircraft and thus force its hijackers to land. At a critical moment, when he is about to learn which wire to cut, his cell phone battery dies. Even the president cannot escape the ruthless economics of battery life! A PERISHABLE RESOURCEEnergy is only one of many resources needed for mobile computing. Other resources include wireless network bandwidth, CPU cycles, main memory, and disk space. However, energy is the only perishable resource-once consumed, it cannot be replenished by actions performed within the mobile computing system. Only external actions, such as recharging the battery or replacing it, can replenish the resource. This is in contrast to the other resources I mentioned. You can reclaim both memory and disk space through deletions. With the passage of sufficient time, you can transmit a certain number of bits or execute a certain amount of code, even when bandwidth or CPU cycles are scarce. In general, these scarce resources affect the rate of progress, perceived performance, and user experience in mobile computing. But their scarcity does not have the grim finality of a dead battery. One memorable quote from the first NRC report says, "Using new materials and chemistries, batteries are approaching explosives in terms of energy density." Imagine the battery in your laptop, PDA, or cell phone having the energy content of a stick of dynamite! Fortunately, this energy is released over many hours rather than a few microseconds. But an implication of the quote is that radical improvements in battery technology are unlikely-their energy density is already very high. Incremental improvements are likely, but some of those improvements will be eaten up by the energy demands of increased functionality in mobile devices. It is therefore essential to explore alternative approaches to extending battery life. EXPLORING ALTERNATIVESOne approach is to improve hardware power efficiency, a key concern of every designer of mobile hardware. Another is to make software energy-aware, thereby reducing its energy demands on hardware. 4 A third approach is to perform cyber foraging by offloading work to nearby servers, 5 and a fourth approach is to trigger external actions that replenish a battery's energy. All are viable options, and we will likely use different combinations of them in different circumstances.Given

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Section: A Perishable Resourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Avoiding Dead Batteries

Satyanarayanan¹

2005

IEEE Pervasive Comput.

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“…Laptops, though widely used, are best viewed as portable desktops rather than true mobile devices that are always with or on a user. Wearable computers have proven effective in industrial and military settings [46,56], but their impact has been negligible outside niche markets.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplifying cyber foraging for mobile devices

Balan

Gergle

Satyanarayanan

et al. 2007

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services

133

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Cyber foraging is the transient and opportunistic use of compute servers by mobile devices. The short market life of such devices makes rapid modification of applications for remote execution an important problem. We describe a solution that combines a "little language" for cyber foraging with an adaptive runtime system. We report results from a user study showing that even novice developers are able to successfully modify large, unfamiliar applications in just a few hours. We also show that the quality of novice-modified and expert-modified applications are comparable in most cases.

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“…Along with a colleague, he transformed his idea into a system architecture with "targeted technologies, such as wireless data transmission, image capture, integrated Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and menu-driven software" (2002, p. 30). By 1990, they put their ideas together and presented an early surrogate system-the Soldier's Computer (Zieniewicz et al, 2002) =^Å èìáëáíáçå=oÉëÉ~êÅÜ=mêçÖê~ã= do^ar^qb=p`elli=lc=_rpfkbpp=C=mr_if`=mlif`v= = -13 -k^s^i=mlpqdo^ar^qb=p`elli=…”

Section: The Soldier's Computermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Land Warrior Soldier System: A Case Study for the Acquisition of Soldier Systems

Clifton¹,

Copeland²

2008

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This project provides an analysis of the Army's acquisition of the Land Warrior (LW) Soldier System. Its objectives are to document the history of the LW and provide an overview of the program to establish the components of both its development and deployment and its associated business and management characteristics. The product is a document that provides an analysis of the actions taken and the obstacles encountered and how the materiel developers, warfighters, user representatives and lawmakers dealt with them.The LW need was approved in 1993. The requirement was to provide improvements for dismounted soldiers in the five specific capability categories of lethality, command and control, mobility, survivability, and sustainment. For a period lasting approximately 15 years, the LW has evolved. Despite this evolution, the Army terminated the program in FY 2007. Regardless, it has laid the foundation for follow-on soldier system initiatives. The LW was unsuccessful initially due to the misalignment of three interrelated and supporting components: 1) technical immaturity, 2) poor user acceptance, and 3) lack of senior leadership support. Successes that are more recent can be attributed to: 1) soldier-driven design, 2) improved technical maturity, and 3) proven employment of the system in combat by warfighters. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank a few key individuals that made this project possible. While this list is long, it is not all encompassing. There are thousands of people out there who have made and are currently making a difference for soldiers. KeywordsDr. Keith Snider, our principle advisor, and Colonel (Retired) Michael Boudreau were instrumental to our efforts. Their guidance and key insights were both educational and supportive and helped shape a seemingly difficult task into an enjoyable and beneficial experience. Likewise, Dr. Richard Doyle was vital to our understanding and interpretation of the budgetary system. We would like to thank our families for their unwavering support and understanding as we took their free time to accomplish this project.Lieutenant Colonel (Promotable) W.W. Prior and his "Manchu" battalion deserve the most thanks of all. Their dedication to the defense of our nation and the future of our Army remains an example for others to follow.

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The evolution of Army wearable computers

Cited by 42 publications

References 5 publications

Avoiding Dead Batteries

Avoiding Dead Batteries

Simplifying cyber foraging for mobile devices

The Land Warrior Soldier System: A Case Study for the Acquisition of Soldier Systems

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