The evolution of collective infectious units in viruses

Leeks, Asher; Sanjuán, Rafael; West, Stuart A.

doi:10.1101/524694

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…When more cells are infected, the virus obviously causes severer damages. Under the well accepted viral collective infection theory [21,22,23,24,25], viral spread is often facilitated by groups of virus forming complex infectious structures. The required virus-virus interactions within a small viral molecular interaction distance imply that infection requires certain viral concentrations and may require a minimum time to form infectious structures.…”

Section: E Disease Severity Is Continuous Properties Controlled By Viral Load and Many Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Intervention Framework for Reviving Economy Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concept

Wu¹,

Zha²

2020

SSRN Journal

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The COVID-19 pandemic has great adverse impacts on personal life, the U.S. economy, and the world economy. Freezing all human activities is not a sustainable measure. Thus we want to develop a public intervention framework that allows people to resume personal and economic activities. In this article, we examined transmission routes, disease severity, personal vulnerability, available treatments, and person-person interactions to establish a general public intervention framework. We divide people into risk groups, non-risk group and group that may serve as viral transmitters, explore interactions between individual persons within each group and between different groups, and propose interaction behavior modifications to mitigate viral exposures. For the non-risk groups, we identified preventive measures that can help them avoid the most serious exposures and infections that pose higher death risks. The invention measures for the vulnerable groups include prior-exposure measures, heightened protective measures, interaction behavior changes, post-exposure remedial measures, and multiple factors treatments to reduce death and disability risks. The multiple interventions and two-ways defensive behavior modifications are expected to result in reduced rate of detectable infections and lowered disease severity for the vulnerable groups. In this framework, most human activities and economic activities can continue as normal. With time passing, the population acquires population immunity against the COVID-19 virus. Implementation of © All right reserved, Wu & Zha v100 1 this intervention framework requires considerable resources and governmental effects while the multiple factors treatment protocol requires the support of health care professionals.

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Section: E Disease Severity Is Continuous Properties Controlled By Viral Load and Many Other Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Intervention Framework for Reviving Economy Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concept

Wu¹,

Zha²

2020

SSRN Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…More recent studies found that viral spread is often facilitated by groups of viral genomes, such as polyploid virions, aggregates of virions, virion-containing proteinaceous structures, secreted lipid vesicles, and virus-induced cell-cell contacts. These multi-genome structures may promote virus-virus interactions and the evolution of social-like traits [16,17,18,19]. Those properties imply that infection requires certain concentration of viruses, and may require more time to form infectious structures.…”

Section: Classical Infection Probability Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disease severity of infections caused by viral transmission routes depends on functional importance of target tissue [13], defense structure to viral infections, viral concentration [12,15,16,17,18] or viral dilution factor, the phase lag between viral reproduction process and immune responses [4], vicinity of the infection to the lung tissue [12], and physiological and physical condition of the tissue.…”

Section: Factors That Determine Disease Severitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of COVID-19 Disease Severity with Transmission Routes and Suggested Changes to Community Guidelines

Wu¹,

Zha²

2020

Preprint

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In the war against the COVID-19 pandemic, the world is experiencing severe resource constraints. Although transmission routes are well understood, we suspect that they cause different disease consequences. We evaluate them in different forms to understand how they affect infection rates and disease severity. In determining how they affect disease outcome, we evaluated target tissue vulnerability, functional role, defense mechanisms, viral concentration, infection vicinity to target vital tissue, and host factors. We found that direct lung infection is the most lethal transmission route followed by bronchi infection. Transmissions by physical contacts, foods, and blood by low viral concentration (as expected in normal human activities) pose lower or much lower risks unless the infection is followed by subsequent lung exposures. After adding transmission route, treatment timings, and improper treatments into the list of known risk factors, we found that death rate and disability rate for young or healthy persons are nearly zero. We show that population based medical model improperly shifts nominal death rate from few vulnerable people to the population resulting in unnecessary population panic, and such panic is responsible for shutting down human activities and the world economy. Finally, we examined limitations in population-based mitigating measures and proposed for governmental and private adoption community guidelines, which are mainly to enable vulnerable people avoid exposures, prevent non-vulnerable people from serving as viral transmitters, get rid of high-risk exposure modes in working environment, improve safety for people in buses, ships and planes, and reduce death and disability rates for infected people.

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The evolution of collective infectious units in viruses

Cited by 2 publications

References 39 publications

Public Health Intervention Framework for Reviving Economy Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concept

Public Health Intervention Framework for Reviving Economy Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concept

Association of COVID-19 Disease Severity with Transmission Routes and Suggested Changes to Community Guidelines

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