The evolution of gamma-ray burst jet opening angle through cosmic time

Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole M.; Hurtado, Valeria U.; Aykutalp, Aycin; Johnson, Jarrett L.; Ceccobello, Chiara

doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1057

Cited by 21 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…They find strong evolution with redshift for each of these variables, indicating that achromatic properties of GRBs are also susceptible to selection bias. A further study by Lloyd-Ronning et al [47] discusses the evolution of θ j with redshift in greater detail, using the EP method to recover the intrinsic behavior of the jet opening angle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accounting for Selection Bias and Redshift Evolution in GRB Radio Afterglow Data

et al. 2021

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Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are highly energetic events that can be observed at extremely high redshift. However, inherent bias in GRB data due to selection effects and redshift evolution can significantly skew any subsequent analysis. We correct for important variables related to the GRB emission, such as the burst duration, T90*, the prompt isotropic energy, Eiso, the rest-frame end time of the plateau emission, Ta,radio*, and its correspondent luminosity La,radio, for radio afterglow. In particular, we use the Efron–Petrosian method presented in 1992 for the correction of our variables of interest. Specifically, we correct Eiso and T90* for 80 GRBs, and La,radio and Ta,radio* for a subsample of 18 GRBs that present a plateau-like flattening in their light curve. Upon application of this method, we find strong evolution with redshift in most variables, particularly in La,radio, with values similar to those found in past and current literature in radio, X-ray and optical wavelengths, indicating that these variables are susceptible to observational bias. This analysis emphasizes the necessity of correcting observational data for evolutionary effects to obtain the intrinsic behavior of correlations to use them as discriminators among the most plausible theoretical models and as reliable cosmological tools.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the methods to remove evolution, we consider here the Efron-Petrosian (EP) [41] method. The EP method is a well-established example of these kinds of techniques, and has been used to recover intrinsic relationships in many correlations in the past [7,40,[44][45][46][47][48].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accounting for Selection Bias and Redshift Evolution in GRB Radio Afterglow Data

et al. 2021

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“…This can be extended by dividing by the average jet opening angle to estimate the total number of LGRBs occurring per core collapse (including LGRBs pointing away from us). Using θ jet 5 • (Harrison et al 1999;Ghirlanda et al 2013;Gehrels & Razzaque 2013;Lloyd-Ronning et al 2020), we get 0.8−1.6 LGRBs pointing in any direction per thousand core collapse at z = 0 and up to a factor of 10 higher at z = 6 (depending on the value of k evol ). This highlights the fact that LGRBs are rare events among transients, requiring specific conditions to form and that these conditions may be more readily met earlier in the Universe.…”

Section: The Local Lgrb Ratementioning

confidence: 98%

“…The potential dependence of LGRB progenitors properties on metallicity could very well lead not only to an evolution of the stellar efficiency to produce LGRB, η(z), but also to an evolution of the LGRB properties. For instance, cosmic evolution of the isotropic equivalent luminosity may be expected if the beaming angle evolves (Lloyd-Ronning et al 2020;Salafia et al 2020) since the beaming depends on properties of the progenitor, such as the stellar density profile, which are in turn affected by metallicity. Therefore, the reality may be an intermediary case where both the rate and the luminosity of LGRBs evolve with cosmic time.…”

Section: Cosmic Evolution Of Lgrbs: Rate or Luminosity?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraining the intrinsic population of long gamma-ray bursts: Implications for spectral correlations, cosmic evolution, and their use as tracers of star formation

Palmerio

Daigne

2021

A&A

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Aims. Long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) have been shown to be powerful probes of the Universe, in particular for studying the star formation rate up to very high redshift (z ∼ 9). Since LGRBs are produced by only a small fraction of massive stars, it is paramount to have a good understanding of their underlying intrinsic population in order to use them as cosmological probes without introducing any unwanted bias. The goal of this work is to constrain and characterise this intrinsic population. Methods. We developed a Monte Carlo model where each burst is described by its redshift and its properties at the peak of the light curve. We derived the best fit parameters by comparing our synthetic populations to carefully selected observational constraints based on the CGRO/BATSE, Fermi/GBM and Swift/BAT samples with appropriate flux thresholds. We explored different scenarios in terms of the cosmic evolution of the luminosity function and/or of the redshift distribution as well as including or not the presence of intrinsic spectral-energetics (Ep − L) correlations. Results. We find that the existence of an intrinsic Ep − L correlation is preferred but with a shallower slope than observed (αA ∼ 0.3) and a larger scatter (∼0.4 dex). We find a strong degeneracy between the cosmic evolution of the luminosity and of the LGRB rate, and show that a sample both larger and deeper than SHOALS by a factor of three is needed to lift this degeneracy. Conclusions. The observed Ep − L correlation cannot be explained only by selection effects although these do play a role in shaping the observed relation. The degeneracy between the cosmic evolution of the luminosity function and of the redshift distribution of LGRBs should be included in the uncertainties of star formation rate estimates; these amount to a factor of 10 at z = 6 and up to a factor of 50 at z = 9.

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“…functional form of θ j ∝ (1+ z) −0.8±0.2 . Lloyd-Ronning et al (2020) argue that this may be a result of lower metallicity, higher mass (and therefore denser) stars at high redshifts collimating the GRB jet more, compared to less dense stars at lower redshifts. Several recent studies support this framework -e.g., Klencki et al (2020) show that low metallicity leads to more compact stars, while Chruslinska et al (2020) show a higher rate of metal-poor star formation at high redshift, leading to a top-heavy IMF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Consequences of Gamma-ray Burst Jet Opening Angle Evolution on the Inferred Star Formation Rate

Lloyd-Ronning,

Johnson,

Aykutalp

2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Gamma-ray burst (GRB) data suggest that the jets from GRBs in the high redshift universe are more narrowly collimated than those at lower redshifts. This implies that we detect relatively fewer long GRB progenitor systems (i.e. massive stars) at high redshifts, because a greater fraction of GRBs have their jets pointed away from us. As a result, estimates of the star formation rate (from the GRB rate) at high redshifts may be diminished if this effect is not taken into account. In this paper, we estimate the star formation rate (SFR) using the observed GRB rate, accounting for an evolving jet opening angle. We find that the SFR in the early universe (z > 3) can be up to an order of magnitude higher than the canonical estimates, depending on the severity of beaming angle evolution and the fraction of stars that make long gamma-ray bursts. Additionally, we find an excess in the SFR at low redshifts, although this lessens when accounting for evolution of the beaming angle. Finally, under the assumption that GRBs do in fact trace canonical forms of the cosmic SFR, we constrain the resulting fraction of stars that must produce GRBs, again accounting for jet beaming-angle evolution. We find this assumption suggests a high fraction of stars in the early universe producing GRBs -a result that may, in fact, support our initial assertion that GRBs do not trace canonical estimates of the SFR.

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The evolution of gamma-ray burst jet opening angle through cosmic time

Cited by 21 publications

References 107 publications

Accounting for Selection Bias and Redshift Evolution in GRB Radio Afterglow Data

Accounting for Selection Bias and Redshift Evolution in GRB Radio Afterglow Data

Constraining the intrinsic population of long gamma-ray bursts: Implications for spectral correlations, cosmic evolution, and their use as tracers of star formation

The Consequences of Gamma-ray Burst Jet Opening Angle Evolution on the Inferred Star Formation Rate

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