The evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea societies; A reappraisal

Feil, D. K.

doi:10.1163/22134379-90003054

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Papuans who live in central mountainous region/highland zones are called highland Papuans, and Papuans who live in swampy and malarial coastal regions/lowland zones are called lowland Papuans. Unlike the lowland people, highland Papuans are firmly attached to their traditions and have not responded to government modernization programs [Feil, 1995]. This study not only yielded the anticipated HBV isolates clustered into HBV/C6, but also revealed a novel subgenotype unique to highland Papuans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Another novel subgenotype of hepatitis B virus genotype C from papuans of Highland origin

Juniastuti¹,

Utsumi²,

Nugrahaputra³

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and subtypes have been identified worldwide. As HBV genotypes/subtypes, the HBV subgenotypes seem to be associated with their geographical distribution and ethnic origin. A previous study showed the novel HBV subgenotype C6 based on the complete genome sequences of isolates in Papua, Indonesia. In the present study, further characterization of HBV in Jayapura (capital of Papua Province), particularly from native people of Papua originating from the highland (highland Papuans) and those from the lowland (lowland Papuans) were examined. Of 32 HBV isolates from both highland and lowland Papuan blood donors with HBsAg positive, part of the S gene and the core gene sequences were analyzed. Analyses of some isolates from highland Papuans were confirmed by the complete genome sequences. Most HBV isolates were classified into genotype C (78.1%), followed by genotype B (18.8%), and genotype D (3.1%). The subtype adr was predominant (71.9%), followed by adw2 (25.1%), and ayw2 (3.1%). As with previous findings, phylogenetic analyses revealed that most HBV isolates from Papuans, C/adr, belonged to subgenotype C6. Interestingly, some C/adr isolates from highland Papuans formed a distinct cluster from all reported subgenotypes of HBV/C, and they differed from HBV/C1-C10 by 4.2-7.2% over the complete genome. SimPlot analysis showed no evidence of recombination with HBV/C1-C10. The isolated life and closed social systems of highland Papuans, even though some have been moving to Jayapura, likely contribute to the formation of this unique cluster of infection with a novel subgenotype of HBV, named C11.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Another novel subgenotype of hepatitis B virus genotype C from papuans of Highland origin

Juniastuti¹,

Utsumi²,

Nugrahaputra³

et al. 2010

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…One possible factor is that while the Western Highlands had optimal conditions for taro cultivation, which originated there, whereas the conditions were suboptimal in EHPNG. 10 Indeed, some groups in EHPNG have been described as having been “proto-agriculturalists” retaining elements of hunter-gatherer subsistence in their lifestyles. 10 Analogous to other hunter-gatherer groups, most EHPNG linguistic groups have greatly reduced population densities compared to other highland regions 1 and lower historical effective population sizes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 10 Indeed, some groups in EHPNG have been described as having been “proto-agriculturalists” retaining elements of hunter-gatherer subsistence in their lifestyles. 10 Analogous to other hunter-gatherer groups, most EHPNG linguistic groups have greatly reduced population densities compared to other highland regions 1 and lower historical effective population sizes. 19 These reduced population densities have likely led to increased effects of genetic drift between groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 , 9 The number of separate languages spoken in the broader highlands of PNG is believed to be in the hundreds and in the EHPNG region alone there are 37 distinct linguistic groups. 1 Historically, each linguistic group consisted of clans, 10 , 11 with clan composition dynamic, depending on clan disputes and other cultural factors. 12 The region has extreme terrain including mountains, valleys, and fast-flowing river systems that impeded travel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population structure and migration in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, a region impacted by the kuru epidemic

Quinn,

Whitfield,

Alpers

et al. 2024

The American Journal of Human Genetics

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“…Attempts to imagine evolutionary processes, or scenarios that account for the diversity of socio-ecological systems, always risk the charge of plausibility. The problem, of course, is that the comparative method has fallen into disfavour (for example Feil, 1995). That method must always depend upon the imposition of the analyst's categories and the consequent risks that these will be inappropriate, arbitrary or both.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intensification, Complexity and Evolution: Insights from the Strickland‐Bosavi Region

Minnegal

Dwyer

2001

Asia Pacific Viewpoint

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Agricultural systems must be understood as embedded within the total socio-cultural system of which they are a part. Difference in the intensity of those systems is, therefore, but one aspect of difference in the complexity of the total systems. Processes of intensification and innovation that are implicated in change to agricultural systems are, similarly, instances of more general processes of adaptation and transformation which underwrite change in complex systems. These considerations inform understanding of differences between, and change within, non-hierarchical and communally organised societies of the interior lowlands of Papua New Guinea. With a focus on two societies of the Strickland-Bosavi region of Papua New Guinea this paper locates considerations of agricultural intensity and intensification within the broader contexts of socio-cultural complexity and processes of adaptation and transformation.Connections between agricultural intensity and social complexity are intricate. For analysts, the difficulties entailed in unravelling these connections are compounded, first, by relationships between environment and agricultural intensity, secondly, by relationships between population density and both agricultural intensity and social complexity and, thirdly, by change. Social formations, agricultural systems, populations and environments are themselves constellations of multiple variables, all of which are subject to change. Further, change in any one of those variables is likely to be both cause and effect of change in others. Whether our interests and concerns are with reconstructing 10 000 years of socioecological evolution, or coming to grips with the impacts of recent global events on the lives and lifestyles of people, it is essential to acknowledge that we are dealing with overdetermined systems and recursive processes.

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The evolution of Highland Papua New Guinea societies; A reappraisal

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Another novel subgenotype of hepatitis B virus genotype C from papuans of Highland origin

Another novel subgenotype of hepatitis B virus genotype C from papuans of Highland origin

Population structure and migration in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, a region impacted by the kuru epidemic

Intensification, Complexity and Evolution: Insights from the Strickland‐Bosavi Region

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