The Evolution of Looks and Expectations of Asian Eyelid and Eye Appearance

Fakhro, Abdulla; Yim, Hyung Woo; Kim, Yong Kyu; Nguyen, Anh H.

doi:10.1055/s-0035-1556847

Cited by 27 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In Asians, individuals with either single eyelids or eyelids with intermediate features make up approximately 44% of the population 68 , but they are very uncommon in most other ethnic populations 67 . Such eyelid variation has been ascribed to anatomical differences for the location at which the orbital septum fuses with the levator aponeurosis 69 , as well as to underlying differences in the shape and structure of the orbital socket 70 . Because individuals who possess double eyelids are sometimes considered more attractive compared to those having single eyelids, double eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) has become a popular medical procedure 67 , 71 , 72 , with more than 40,000 Japanese women receiving eyelid modification surgery every year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide association study in Japanese females identifies fifteen novel skin-related trait associations

Endo

Johnson

Morino³

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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Skin trait variation impacts quality-of-life, especially for females from the viewpoint of beauty. To investigate genetic variation related to these traits, we conducted a GWAS of various skin phenotypes in 11,311 Japanese women and identified associations for age-spots, freckles, double eyelids, straight/curly hair, eyebrow thickness, hairiness, and sweating. In silico annotation with RoadMap Epigenomics epigenetic state maps and colocalization analysis of GWAS and GTEx Project eQTL signals provided information about tissue specificity, candidate causal variants, and functional target genes. Novel signals for skin-spot traits neighboured AKAP1/MSI2 (rs17833789; P = 2.2 × 10−9), BNC2 (rs10810635; P = 2.1 × 10−22), HSPA12A (rs12259842; P = 7.1 × 10−11), PPARGC1B (rs251468; P = 1.3 × 10−21), and RAB11FIP2 (rs10444039; P = 5.6 × 10−21). HSPA12A SNPs were the only protein-coding gene eQTLs identified across skin-spot loci. Double edged eyelid analysis identified that a signal around EMX2 (rs12570134; P = 8.2 × 10−15) was also associated with expression of EMX2 and the antisense-RNA gene EMX2OS in brain putamen basal ganglia tissue. A known hair morphology signal in EDAR was associated with both eyebrow thickness (rs3827760; P = 1.7 × 10−9) and straight/curly hair (rs260643; P = 1.6 × 10−103). Excessive hairiness signals’ top SNPs were also eQTLs for TBX15 (rs984225; P = 1.6 × 10−8), BCL2 (rs7226979; P = 7.3 × 10−11), and GCC2 and LIMS1 (rs6542772; P = 2.2 × 10−9). For excessive sweating, top variants in two signals in chr2:28.82-29.05 Mb (rs56089836; P = 1.7 × 10−11) were eQTLs for either PPP1CB or PLB1, while a top chr16:48.26–48.45 Mb locus SNP was a known ABCC11 missense variant (rs6500380; P = 6.8 × 10−10). In total, we identified twelve loci containing sixteen association signals, of which fifteen were novel. These findings will help dermatologic researchers better understand the genetic underpinnings of skin-related phenotypic variation in human populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide association study in Japanese females identifies fifteen novel skin-related trait associations

Endo

Johnson

Morino³

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…A natural and attractive appearance to Asian eyes includes a perfect width or shape of the double eyelid, a distinctive volume distribution, slightly raised or everted eyelashes, and smooth preseptal skin 1. With the development of society and technology, a great majority of Asian desire to acquire beautiful eyes both statically and dynamically 2. However, many Asian upper eyelids often show a typical appearance of dermatochalasis due to the increase of skin laxity and orbicularis oculi muscle laxity with poor elasticity, along with orbital septum, medial and lateral canthal ligament laxity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 With the development of society and technology, a great majority of Asian desire to acquire beautiful eyes both statically and dynamically. 2 However, many Asian upper eyelids often show a typical appearance of dermatochalasis due to the increase of skin laxity and orbicularis oculi muscle laxity with poor elasticity, along with orbital septum, medial and lateral canthal ligament laxity. This finally leads to the shape of a double eyelid (especially for the lateral region) covered and lash ptosis, which is made worse in the elderly.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Preoperative Design to Address Dermatochalasis in Asian Upper Blepharoplasty

Liu

Wang

Yang

et al. 2023

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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Background: The preoperative design for the amount of skin excision of the upper eyelid is a common procedure in Asian blepharoplasty, but there lack of an effective method addressing dermatochalasis to acquire esthetically pleasing results. Our aim was to propose an alternative technique to determine the skin excision combined with the esthetics of eyes for correcting skin laxity and therefore to create attractive double eyelids. Materials and Methods: The preoperative invaginating-simulating design combined with esthetic criteria for determining the amount of excised skin were performed during blepharoplasty. The Strasser grading system and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale were evaluated by analyzing the preoperative and 6-month-postoperative photographs. Results: One hundred forty-two patients were included. The general outline of the “optimal incision” took on a knife in shape with a mean of 2.2±3.32 points of Strasser grading score. A total of 130 of 142 patients (91.5%) were judged as “good results” and 12 of 142 patients (8.5%) were judged as “mediocre”. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale showed a significant cosmetic improvement with the result of 89.4%(127 of 142 patients) for “very much improved”, 7.8% for “much improved” and other patients for “improved”. No severe complications were observed. Conclusions: This preoperative design approach has been proven to be effective to address dermatochalasis (especially for lateral hooding) by simulating the expected appearance of a double eyelid combined with esthetic criteria of eyes simultaneously, which can contribute to achieving upper-lid rejuvenation and beautiful and natural outcomes.

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“…11–13 Youthful Asian eyes have shorter upper lid crease heights; taller vertical palpebral fissure heights; wider palpebral fissure lengths; narrower ranges of pretarsal fullness; and greater canthal tilt, endocanthion, and exocanthion angles. 13–16…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[11][12][13] Youthful Asian eyes have shorter upper lid crease heights; taller vertical palpebral fissure heights; wider palpebral fissure lengths; narrower ranges of pretarsal fullness; and greater canthal tilt, endocanthion, and exocanthion angles. [13][14][15][16] In terms of attractiveness or beauty, double eyelids with a medium height have been deemed attractive from evaluators across varying ethnicities and ages. 17 This is also reflected by the large demand for double-eyelid operations by Asian patients.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Asian Eye: Anthropometric Eye Measurements of Attractiveness in Young East Asian Women

Wan

Garg

Ullrich

et al. 2022

Plastic &Amp; Reconstructive Surgery

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Background: Because of the high volume of Asian eyelid operations performed and the complexity of the Asian eye, there is a need to define exactly what anthropometric measurements determine attractiveness. Methods: Eye photographs of young East Asian women were collected from publicly available sources online. Photographs were evaluated on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5 for attractiveness. Thirty-seven anthropometric measurements were collected using ImageJ from the most attractive and least attractive eyes to discover which features play the most important role in attractiveness. Results: A total of 322 right eye photographs were evaluated for attractiveness. Sixty-six eyes received a median score of greater than or equal to 4.0 and were included in the attractive cohort. Forty-three eyes received a score of less than or equal to 2.0 and were included in the unattractive cohort. The superior brow peak was more lateralized compared to the upper lid crease and upper lash line peaks in attractive eyes. A greater palpebral aperture height–to–upper lid show ratio was found to be more associated with attractive eyes than with unattractive eyes. At the midpupillary line, the ratio was on average 1.58 ± 0.32 in attractive eyes and 1.22 ± 0.43 in unattractive eyes (p < 0.001). Eyes with convergence of the upper lid crease with the upper lash line were more likely to be deemed unattractive (p < 0.001). Conclusions: East Asian eyes have specific anthropometric measurements that are more associated with attractiveness. These ideal measurements are different from those in Caucasians, suggesting ethnic variability in features defining attractiveness and a need to tailor surgical care appropriately.

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The Evolution of Looks and Expectations of Asian Eyelid and Eye Appearance

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Genome-wide association study in Japanese females identifies fifteen novel skin-related trait associations

Genome-wide association study in Japanese females identifies fifteen novel skin-related trait associations

A Novel Preoperative Design to Address Dermatochalasis in Asian Upper Blepharoplasty

The Asian Eye: Anthropometric Eye Measurements of Attractiveness in Young East Asian Women

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