“…Our paper also contributes to a small but growing literature on the impact of providers on the healthcare sector. Much of this literature has focused on the effect of financial incentives on provider behavior (e.g., Cutler, 1995;Clemens and Gottlieb, 2014;Ho and Pakes, 2014;Eliason et al, 2018;Einav, Finkelstein and Mahoney, 2018), or more broadly on the role of the physician in affecting healthcare decisions (e.g., Barnett, Olenski and Jena, 2017;Molitor, 2018). Our study is unusual in that it studies the impact of a specific institution (or organizational form) on the efficiency of the healthcare sector.…”