The evolution of recovery from desiccation stress in laboratory-selected populations of<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Folk, Donna G.; Bradley, Timothy J.

doi:10.1242/jeb.01048

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In Drosophila , glycogen seems to be the major metabolite utilized in desiccation resistance and mass loss has been attributed to its catabolism [15,43,44]. Water bound to glycogen is released during glycogenolysis and it is this ability to bind up water that makes glycogen relevant for desiccation resistance [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gambiae s.s. Indeed, almost all the studies investigating the mechanisms of resilience to desiccation are based on selection experiments conducted on Drosophila species [8,10,15,16,24]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gambiae s.s. Metabolic water is generated through the catabolism of glycogen and lipids. Glycogen has the ability to bind the equivalent of three to five times its mass of water and to release it during glycogenolysis [28], making it a significant source of water during desiccation stress [15,29]. Lipids can proportionally yield the highest amounts of water per unit of mass and may thus also serve as an important source of metabolic water [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of larval growth condition and water availability on desiccation resistance and its physiological basis in adult Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto

Aboagye-Antwi

Tripet

2010

Malar J

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BackgroundNatural populations of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. are exposed to large seasonal and daily fluctuations in relative humidity and temperature, which makes coping with drought a crucial aspect of their ecology.MethodsTo better understand natural variation in desiccation resistance in this species, the effects of variation in larval food availability and access to water as an adult on subsequent phenotypic quality and desiccation resistance of adult females of the Mopti chromosomal form were tested experimentally.ResultsIt was found that, under normal conditions, larval food availability and adult access to water had only small direct effects on female wet mass, dry mass, and water, glycogen and body lipid contents corrected for body size. In contrast, when females subsequently faced a strong desiccation challenge, larval food availability and adult access to water had strong carry-over effects on most measured physiological and metabolic parameters, and affected female survival. Glycogen and water content were the most used physiological reserves in relative terms, but their usage significantly depended on female phenotypic quality. Adult access to water significantly influenced the use of water and body lipid reserves, which subsequently affected desiccation resistance.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate the importance of growth conditions and water availability on adult physiological status and subsequent resistance to desiccation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gambiae s.s. Indeed, almost all the studies investigating the mechanisms of resilience to desiccation are based on selection experiments conducted on Drosophila species [8,10,15,16,24]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of larval growth condition and water availability on desiccation resistance and its physiological basis in adult Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto

Aboagye-Antwi

Tripet

2010

Malar J

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“…12% of dry mass (Lease and Wolf, 2011); carbohydrate and protein storage of smaller, though significant, amounts (e.g. Folk and Bradley, 2004;Hahn and Denlinger, 2007); and an average water content of 65% of fresh mass (Edney, 1977;Studier and Sevick, 1992)] constitutes utilisable energy stores (and energy content is 20kJg -1 ), the likely time to death for an insect of a given mass can be estimated based on metabolic rate in the resting condition. Likewise, for desiccation rate (i.e.…”

Section: Confounding Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecologically relevant measures of tolerance to potentially lethal temperatures

Terblanche

Hoffmann

Mitchell

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

389

370

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SummaryThe acute thermal tolerance of ectotherms has been measured in a variety of ways; these include assays where organisms are shifted abruptly to stressful temperatures and assays where organisms experience temperatures that are ramped more slowly to stressful levels. Ramping assays are thought to be more relevant to natural conditions where sudden abrupt shifts are unlikely to occur often, but it has been argued that thermal limits established under ramping conditions are underestimates of true thermal limits because stresses due to starvation and/or desiccation can arise under ramping. These confounding effects might also impact the variance and heritability of thermal tolerance. We argue here that ramping assays are useful in capturing aspects of ecological relevance even though there is potential for confounding effects of other stresses that can also influence thermal limits in nature. Moreover, we show that the levels of desiccation and starvation experienced by ectotherms in ramping assays will often be minor unless the assays involve small animals and last for many hours. Empirical data illustrate that the combined effects of food and humidity on thermal limits under ramping and sudden shifts to stressful conditions are unpredictable; in Drosophila melanogaster the presence of food decreased rather than increased thermal limits, whereas in Ceratitis capitata they had little impact. The literature provides examples where thermal limits are increased under ramping presumably because of the potential for physiological changes leading to acclimation. It is unclear whether heritabilities and population differentiation will necessarily be lower under ramping because of confounding effects. Although it is important to clearly define experimental methods, particularly when undertaking comparative assessments, and to understand potential confounding effects, thermotolerance assays based on ramping remain an important tool for understanding and predicting species responses to environmental change. An important area for further development is to identify the impact of rates of temperature change under field and laboratory conditions.

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“…To evaluate the desiccation resistance of Drosophila, the importance of recovery processes from desiccation stress was also pointed out. Folk and Bradley (29) showed that the greatest desiccation resistance in a Drosophila population with enhanced desiccation resistance is associated with the restoration of all tested somatic components, whole-body water, dry mass, and sodium concentrations, suggesting the importance of nutrition during rehydration in determining recovery time. Sinclair et al (6) indicated that up-regulated expression of Frost, a Drosophila stress-responsive gene, was more obvious during recovery from desiccation than during desiccation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Gene, Desiccate, Contributing to Desiccation Resistance in Drosophila melanogaster

Kawano

Shimoda

Matsumoto

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Suitable alterations in gene expression are believed to allow animals to survive drastic changes in environmental conditions. Drosophila melanogaster larvae cease eating and exit moist food to search for dry pupation sites after the foraging stage in what is known as the wandering stage. Although the behavioral change from foraging to wandering causes desiccation stress, the mechanism by which Drosophila larvae protect themselves from desiccation remains obscure. Here, we identified a gene, CG14686 (designated as Desiccate (Desi)), whose expression was elevated during the wandering stage. The Desi expression level was reversibly decreased by transferring wandering larvae to wet conditions and increased again by transferring them to dry conditions. Elevation of Desi expression was also observed in foraging larvae when they were placed in dry conditions. Desi encoded a 261-amino acid single-pass transmembrane protein with notable motifs, such as SH2 and PDZ domain-binding motifs and a cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation motif, in the cytoplasmic region, and its expression was observed mainly in the epidermal cells of the larval integuments. Overexpression of Desi slightly increased the larval resistance to desiccation stress during the second instar. Furthermore, Desi RNAi larvae lost more weight under dry conditions, and subsequently, their mortalities significantly increased compared with control larvae. Under dry conditions, consumption of carbohydrate was much higher in Desi RNAi larvae than control larvae. Based on these results, it is reasonable to conclude that Desi contributes to the resistance of Drosophila larvae to desiccation stress.A wide variety of stressful stimuli change patterns of gene expression, which enables animals to adapt to stress, and such changes in gene expression are believed to allow them to survive drastic environmental changes. Activation of heat shock protein genes (hsp) is a typical example; all organisms express a particular set of hsp genes in response to stressors such as temperature extremes, aversive chemical application, anoxia, and many other environmental injuries (1, 2). Hsp proteins are generally divided into three families: the 90-kDa, 70-kDa, and small heat shock proteins (3). It has been reported that a nonlethal desiccation at 0% relative humidity (RH) 2 enhanced transcriptional levels of the two hsp genes, hsp70 and hsp23, in pupae of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis (4). Although the two hsp transcripts were up-regulated in response to desiccation, the up-regulation was less dramatic than that elicited by heat shock, and desiccation failed to generate tolerance to high or low temperatures. Recently, it has been also reported that dehydration elicited expression of hsp70 in three mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex pipiens, but hsp90 expression levels remained fairly constant. Furthermore, injection of dsRNA to knock down expression of hsp70 and hsp90 significantly decreased survival rates of A. aegypti under dehydration (5)....

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The evolution of recovery from desiccation stress in laboratory-selected populations ofDrosophila melanogaster

Cited by 19 publications

References 44 publications

Effects of larval growth condition and water availability on desiccation resistance and its physiological basis in adult Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto

Effects of larval growth condition and water availability on desiccation resistance and its physiological basis in adult Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto

Ecologically relevant measures of tolerance to potentially lethal temperatures

Identification of a Gene, Desiccate, Contributing to Desiccation Resistance in Drosophila melanogaster

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