The evolution of the adipose tissue: A neglected enigma

Ottaviani, Enzo; Malagoli, Davide; Franceschi, Claudio

doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.06.018

Cited by 89 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…AMEV replication takes place in various larval tissues, but it prefers fat body cells [5,] which are the major site of lipid storage [6]. Lipids play an essential role on both the viral and the cellular sides and in key features such as virion structure, target membrane and cell receptor recognition, viral membrane fusion, viral replication, assembly, egress and entry [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AMEV is the best and most studied entomopoxvirus because it is one of the few insect poxviruses which can be readily grown and manipulated in tissue culture [3,4]. Its replication takes place in various larval tissues, but it prefers fat body cells [5], which are the major site of lipid storage [6]. A complete genome analysis of AMEV showed that it has 232,392 base pairs [7] and contains 294 open reading frames (ORFs) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amsacta moorei Entomopoxvirus Encodes a Functional Esterase (amv133) with Protease Activity

Ozsahin¹,

Sezen²,

Demirbağ³

2015

Intervirology

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Objectives: Lipolytic genes have been investigated in several viral genomes, and some of them show enzyme activity which can be used for various functions including the production of DNA replication metabolites, rescue from endosomes, and membrane fusion. Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV) replicates in nearly the entire insect body, especially in the adipose tissue. One of the open reading frames (ORFs) in the AMEV genome, amv133, encodes a putative lipase enzyme. In this study, we therefore investigate the enzyme activity of amv133. Methods:amv133 was aligned with known lipase genes and their homologs in entomopoxviruses. Expressed proteins were partially purified and assayed for lipase, esterase and protease. Results: We found that amv133 contains all the domains required for a functional lipase enzyme and that it shows a significant similarity with homologs in other entomopoxviruses. Since there is a similarity of the catalytic triad between lipases and serine proteases, we also investigated the protease activity of amv133. Lipase, esterase and protease assays showed that amv133 encodes a functional esterase enzyme with protease activity. Conclusion: The current data show that amv133 is a conserved gene in all entomopoxvirus genomes sequenced so far and might contribute greatly to degrading the lipids or proteins and hence improve the virus infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amsacta moorei Entomopoxvirus Encodes a Functional Esterase (amv133) with Protease Activity

Ozsahin¹,

Sezen²,

Demirbağ³

2015

Intervirology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This differentiation does not seem to be a property unique to endotherms compared with ectotherms, since such differentiation was not apparent in birds either. Birds and mammals, however, evolved endothermy independently (Ottaviani et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The steatotheca of the crocodile is a white compact visceral fat body. The size of this body could be related to the state of nutrition of the crocodile, and it is believed that it supplies energy to the heart, but it is not homologous to brown fat, which is only found in mammals (Ottaviani et al, 2011). The lipid composition of the steatotheca has not been described before.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Lipid Composition of Three Adipose Tissue Types of Male and Female Wild Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

Osthoff

Hugo

Govender

et al. 2014

Journal of Herpetology

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“…A more modern view would categorize WAT as a complex, essential, and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ (Kershaw and Flier, 2004;Ottaviani et al, 2011). Besides adipocytes, adipose tissue contains connective tissue matrix, nerve tissue, stromovascular cells, and immune cells.…”

Section: Endocrine Function Of Adipose Tissue and Its Implications Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens: Field and Experimental Investigations

Shini¹

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Field and experimental investigations were conducted to study the fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in caged laying hens. The main goal of the research was to gain a greater understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of this non-infectious disease. The disease is characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in the liver and abdominal cavity, subsequent liver rupture, haemorrhage and sudden death of hens. It has been shown that the balance between hepatic synthesis and secretion of lipids is the key point that regulates hepatic and extrahepatic fat deposition in hens. Liver fat accumulation can be increased by many factors, especially nutrition, housing conditions, and inflammatory challenges. A description of normal and abnormal lipid metabolism in the hen, and consequences for hen health and disease (including FLHS) is given in the literature review (Chapter 2).The initial study examined mortality of layer flocks kept in three different housing systems (cage, barn and free range) on the Gatton Campus, University of Queensland (Chapter 4). It was shown that there were no significant differences in mortality rates of hens (6.1%, 6.4% and 5.8%, for cages, barns and free range, respectively) between the housing systems but the causes of death were different. The most common cause of death in hens kept in cages was FLHS with 74% of dead hens dying from the condition. In contrast, FLHS only accounted for 0 to 5% of hen mortality in the other systems. Post-mortem of dead hens and body weight monitoring of flocks throughout the laying cycle were recommended as tools to predict FLHS.An epidemiological survey (Chapter 5) of caged flocks in South-Eastern Queensland was undertaken to explore the prevalence of FLHS in commercial layer flocks. From necropsies of dead birds from 7 flocks of different ages, it was found that approximately 40% of hens died due to FLHS. This result indicated that FLHS continues to be the major cause of mortality in commercial caged laying hens kept in either controlled environment sheds or naturally ventilated sheds. As part of the epidemiological study, a questionnaire was circulated among farms and the responses revealed that there is a general lack of knowledge of FLHS in the industry.The study of the pathogenesis of FLHS is very difficult as it occurs sporadically and over an extended period of time in the field. In the studies in Chapter 6, an oestradiol (E 2 ) hen model was used to study the condition. The administration of exogenous E 2 reproduced the disease in 30 wk old laying hens, and was associated with significant changes in E 2 plasma levels and metabolic iv profiles, increased liver weights, and macroscopic (fat depositions, haemorrhages and haematomas) and microscopic alterations. Hens exposed to E 2 and fed ad libitum diet experienced severe FLHS and had a higher incidence of FLHS than hens that had their feed intake restricted by 10%. One interesting observation from this study (not reported from other investigators) was the alteration of total leukocyte n...

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The evolution of the adipose tissue: A neglected enigma

Cited by 89 publications

References 49 publications

<b><i>Amsacta moorei</i></b> Entomopoxvirus Encodes a Functional Esterase <b><i>(amv133)</i></b> with Protease Activity

<b><i>Amsacta moorei</i></b> Entomopoxvirus Encodes a Functional Esterase <b><i>(amv133)</i></b> with Protease Activity

Comparison of the Lipid Composition of Three Adipose Tissue Types of Male and Female Wild Nile Crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

Fatty Liver Haemorrhagic Syndrome in Laying Hens: Field and Experimental Investigations

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