The evolution of the metazoan Toll receptor family and its expression during protostome development

Orús-Alcalde, Andrea; Lu, Tsai-Ming; Hejnol, Andreas

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-199283/v1

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…Our previous study revealed the presence of 6 TLRs in the transcriptome of Lineus ruber (12). Here, we detect myD88, an irak gene, and the transcription factor dorsal/diff/NFkB-p65 in the Lineus ruber transcriptome.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Toll pathway is a pathway involved in immunity that is present across many metazoan lineages (4,6–8). In a previous study, we unraveled the presence of 6 TLRs in the nemertean Lineus ruber (12). In this study, we identified the presence of the MyD88 adaptor, an Irak protein and a Dorsal/Diff/NF-κB-p65 protein in this nemertean species, but no Spätzle protein ortholog was identified (Figure 2A).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Toll pathway is present in Lineus ruber Our previous study revealed the presence of 6 TLRs in the transcriptome of Lineus ruber (12).…”

Section: Presence Of Orthologs Of the Toll- The Imd Pathways The Comp...mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Once TLRs are activated, a signaling cascade, in which MyD88, Tube/Irak4, and Pelle/Irak1 are involved, triggers the entrance of NFB transcription factors (Dorsal and Dif in Drosophila and NFB-p65 in vertebrates) to the nucleus, which activate the expression of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines (7). Besides vertebrates and Drosophila, components of the Toll pathway have been identified in multiple invertebrate species (Figure 1D) (9)(10)(11)(12). Moreover, immune challenge assays have shown that the Toll pathway is involved in immunity in mollusks and crustaceans (13,14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Toll and Imd pathway, the complement system and lectins during immune response of the nemertean Lineus ruber

Orús-Alcalde

Børve

Hejnol

2022

Preprint

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Innate immunity is the first line of defense against pathogens. In animals, the Toll pathway, the Imd pathway, the complement system, and lectins are well-known mechanisms involved in innate immunity. Although these pathways and systems are well understood in vertebrates and arthropods, they are understudied in other invertebrates. In order to shed light on immunity in the nemertean Lineus ruber, we performed a transcriptomic survey and identified the main components of the Toll pathway (e.g. myD88, dorsal/dif/NFκB-p65), the Imd pathway (e.g. imd, relish/NFκB-p105/100), the complement system (e.g. C3, cfb) and some lectins (FreD-Cs and C-lectins). In situ hybridization showed that TLRβ1, TLRβ2 and imd and are expressed in the nervous system, the complement gene C3-1 is expressed in the gut and the lectins in the nervous system, the blood, and the gut. To reveal their potential role in defense mechanisms, we performed immune challenge experiments, in which Lineus ruber specimens were exposed to the gram-negative bacteria Vibrio diazotrophicus. Our results show the upregulation of specific components of the Toll pathway (TLRα3, TLRβ1, and TLRβ2), the complement system (C3-1), and lectins (c-lectin2 and fred-c5). Therefore, similarly to what occurs in other invertebrates, our study shows that components of the Toll pathway, the complement system and lectins are involved in the immune response in the nemertean Lineus ruber. The presence of these pathways and systems in Lineus ruber, but also in other spiralians, in protostomes and in deuterostomes suggest that these pathways and systems were involved in the immune response in the stem species of Bilateria.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Toll pathway is present in Lineus ruber Our previous study revealed the presence of 6 TLRs in the transcriptome of Lineus ruber (12).…”

Section: Presence Of Orthologs Of the Toll- The Imd Pathways The Comp...mentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Toll and Imd pathway, the complement system and lectins during immune response of the nemertean Lineus ruber

Orús-Alcalde

Børve

Hejnol

2022

Preprint

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“…The above findings suggest that systematic exploration of subsets of genomes to infer protein interactions might give increased performance when we consider relevant ancient mechanisms that emerged during eukaryotic evolution within a particular subset of species. For instance, metazoan mechanisms that include immunity (Tol receptor family) [ 35 ], intracellular signalling (Wnt, Notch) [ 36 – 38 ], or cellular polarity establishment (PCP) [ 39 ], that are old mechanisms and could be differentially lost amongst animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic profiling in eukaryotes: The effect of species, orthologous group, and interactome selection on protein interaction prediction

2022

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Phylogenetic profiling in eukaryotes is of continued interest to study and predict the functional relationships between proteins. This interest is likely driven by the increased number of available diverse genomes and computational methods to infer orthologies. The evaluation of phylogenetic profiles has mainly focussed on reference genome selection in prokaryotes. However, it has been proven to be challenging to obtain high prediction accuracies in eukaryotes. As part of our recent comparison of orthology inference methods for eukaryotic genomes, we observed a surprisingly high performance for predicting interacting orthologous groups. This high performance, in turn, prompted the question of what factors influence the success of phylogenetic profiling when applied to eukaryotic genomes. Here we analyse the effect of species, orthologous group and interactome selection on protein interaction prediction using phylogenetic profiles. We select species based on the diversity and quality of the genomes and compare this supervised selection with randomly generated genome subsets. We also analyse the effect on the performance of orthologous groups defined to be in the last eukaryotic common ancestor of eukaryotes to that of orthologous groups that are not. Finally, we consider the effects of reference interactome set filtering and reference interactome species. In agreement with other studies, we find an effect of genome selection based on quality, less of an effect based on genome diversity, but a more notable effect based on the amount of information contained within the genomes. Most importantly, we find it is not merely selecting the correct genomes that is important for high prediction performance. Other choices in meta parameters such as orthologous group selection, the reference species of the interaction set, and the quality of the interaction set have a much larger impact on the performance when predicting protein interactions using phylogenetic profiles. These findings shed light on the differences in reported performance amongst phylogenetic profiles approaches, and reveal on a more fundamental level for which types of protein interactions this method has most promise when applied to eukaryotes.

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Immune diversity in lophotrochozoans, with a focus on recognition and effector systems

Li¹,

Xue²,

Peng³

et al. 2023

Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal

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The evolution of the metazoan Toll receptor family and its expression during protostome development

Cited by 6 publications

References 158 publications

The Toll and Imd pathway, the complement system and lectins during immune response of the nemertean Lineus ruber

The Toll and Imd pathway, the complement system and lectins during immune response of the nemertean Lineus ruber

Phylogenetic profiling in eukaryotes: The effect of species, orthologous group, and interactome selection on protein interaction prediction

Immune diversity in lophotrochozoans, with a focus on recognition and effector systems

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