The expectant brain: adapting for motherhood

Brunton, Paula; Russell, John A.

doi:10.1038/nrn2280

Cited by 360 publications

(304 citation statements)

References 174 publications

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“…Leptin receptors are expressed in a variety of isoforms, the major form involved in BW regulation being the long form (Vaisse et al, 1996). In rats, hyperleptinemia, during healthy pregnancy, leads to central leptin resistance by downregulation of the full-length leptin receptor in the hypothalamus and increased circulation of soluble receptor isoforms (Brunton and Russell, 2008). The widespread expression of short leptin receptor isoforms in tissues throughout the mammalian body points out that leptin also acts at periphery as a factor able to modify tissue metabolism (Harris, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring blood plasma leptin and lactogenic hormones in pregnant sows

Saleri

Sabbioni

Cavalli

et al. 2015

Animal

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The mechanism of action of leptin in pregnant breeding sows, in which hyperphagia is managed through dietary strategies, is yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to monitor leptin concentrations and their interactions with lactogenic hormones in Large White × Landrace breeding multiparous sows (n = 15). All sows showed a normal body condition (mean body condition score: 2.96). Blood samples were collected the day after weaning the litters, at insemination, every 15 days up to day 45 of pregnancy and every 7 days from day 46 to farrowing. At delivery, the placenta was collected for the analysis of leptin and leptin receptor expressions. Plasma leptin levels increased from the end of mid gestation (day 72) and remained high until farrowing (P < 0.05). As expected, plasma prolactin (PRL), low during most of pregnancy, increased during the 2 weeks before farrowing (P < 0.05), whereas progesterone levels reached plateau at 30 days of gestation and decreased at farrowing (P < 0.05). Cortisol levels peaked close to farrowing (P < 0.05). Leptin was expressed in the placenta, where the receptor expression analysis showed the presence of the short form but not of the long form. A positive correlation was found between leptin and PRL concentrations during mid (r = 0.430; P < 0.001) and late (r = 0.687; P < 0.001) pregnancy, and with progesterone in early pregnancy (r = 0.462; P < 0.05). During late gestation, a positive correlation was observed between leptin and cortisol (r = 0.585; P < 0.001). Our results suggested that, in restrictively fed pregnant sows, the leptin levels increased from the end of mid pregnancy to delivery, confirming the presence of leptin resistance. We showed a correlation between leptin and lactogenic hormones during different stages of pregnancy in sows. Lactogenic hormones show pregnancy-specific changes in their secretion and all may become involved in modulating leptin signal.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring blood plasma leptin and lactogenic hormones in pregnant sows

Saleri

Sabbioni

Cavalli

et al. 2015

Animal

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“…34,59 Similarly, mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area and activation of reward circuitry through D1 dopamine receptors are strongly associated with maternal behavior in rats. 60 Moreover, the ACC may be vitally involved in the appraisal of initial conflict and coordination with other regions modulating cognitive control. 61 Thus, because dopamine is centrally involved in cognitive and affective aspects of parenting and social behavior more generally, dopamine-related genetic variation may contribute to hypo or hyperactivation of neural regions underlying parenting behavior, particularly in the presence of complex cognitive and affective conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of maternal dopamine transporter genotype with negative parenting: evidence for gene x environment interaction with child disruptive behavior

Chronis‐Tuscano

Keenan

et al. 2008

Mol Psychiatry

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Although maternal parenting is central to child development, little is known about the interplay between molecular genetic and environmental factors that influence parenting. We tested the association of the 40-bp variable number tandem repeat polymorphism of the dopamine transporter (DAT1; SLC6A3) gene with three dimensions of observed maternal parenting behavior (positive parenting, negative parenting and total maternal commands). A significant nonadditive association was found between maternal DAT1 genotype and both negative parenting and total commands during a structured mother-child interaction task, even after controlling demographic factors, maternal psychopathology and disruptive child behavior during the task. Furthermore, the association between maternal DAT1 genotype and negative parenting was significantly stronger among mothers whose children were highly disruptive during the mother-child interaction task, suggesting a gene-environment interaction.

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“…Major adaptations in the maternal OT/OTR system already occur during the time of pregnancy to optimally prepare for motherhood (Brunton and Russell, 2008; Hillerer et al, 2014). Through a complex inhibitory mechanism including actions of progesterone, its neuroactive metabolite allopregnanolone, and endogenous opioids, OT-release from magnocellular neurons is restrained throughout pregnancy.…”

Section: Ot Pathways In the Intergenerational Transmission Of Matementioning

confidence: 99%

Oxytocin pathways in the intergenerational transmission of maternal early life stress

Toepfer

Heim

Entringer

et al. 2017

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Severe stress in early life, such as childhood abuse and neglect, constitutes a major risk factor in the etiology of psychiatric disorders and somatic diseases. Importantly, these long-term effects may impact the next generation. The intergenerational transmission of maternal early life stress (ELS) may occur via pre-and postnatal pathways, such as alterations in maternal-fetal-placental stress physiology, maternal depression during pregnancy and postpartum, as well as impaired mother-offspring interactions. The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has gained considerable attention for its role in modulating all of these assumed transmission pathways. Moreover, central and peripheral OT signaling pathways are highly sensitive to environmental exposures and may be compromised by ELS with implications for these putative transmission mechanisms. Together, these data suggest that OT pathways play an important role in the intergenerational transmission of maternal ELS in humans. By integrating recent studies on gene-environment interactions and epigenetic modifications in OT pathway genes, the present review aims to develop a conceptual framework of intergenerational transmission of maternal ELS that emphasizes the role of OT.

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The expectant brain: adapting for motherhood

Cited by 360 publications

References 174 publications

Monitoring blood plasma leptin and lactogenic hormones in pregnant sows

Monitoring blood plasma leptin and lactogenic hormones in pregnant sows

Association of maternal dopamine transporter genotype with negative parenting: evidence for gene x environment interaction with child disruptive behavior

Oxytocin pathways in the intergenerational transmission of maternal early life stress

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