The explanation of color vision based on fiber coupler theory of foveal cones

Liang, Anhui; Meng, Ziming

doi:10.1360/n972016-00261

Cited by 2 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Previously, the optical model of photoreceptor cells was divided into three-parts: the myoid, ellipsoid, and outer segments [ 24 ]. As shown in Figure 1 A, Liang first proposed the five-part optical mode of vertebrate photoreceptors (including cones and rods) [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], where the five parts include nucleus, outer fiber, myoid, ellipsoid, and outer segments. The length of the photoreceptor nucleus is relatively short, and the nucleus acts as a lens to focus the incident light into the photoreceptor [ 32 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1998, Liang first proposed that not only the inner segments of the three types of cone cells in the fovea of the human eye, but also the outer segments of the L and M cones have the properties of single-mode fibers [ 3 ]. Liang was the first to study the optical fiber coupling effects of human and vertebrate cones [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In 2013, Liang studied the coupling of the outer segment of a model consisting of two cones and later studied two- and seven-cone fiber coupler models of the ellipsoid, myoid, and outer fiber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2013, Liang studied the coupling of the outer segment of a model consisting of two cones and later studied two- and seven-cone fiber coupler models of the ellipsoid, myoid, and outer fiber. We called the strong optical coupling region as the color preprocessing stage [ 7 ]. By adding the color preprocessing stage before the traditional three stages (stage theory), Liang first propose the four-stage theory to unify the tricolor theory and opponent color theory of color vision [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We called the strong optical coupling region as the color preprocessing stage [ 7 ]. By adding the color preprocessing stage before the traditional three stages (stage theory), Liang first propose the four-stage theory to unify the tricolor theory and opponent color theory of color vision [ 7 ]. Moreover, Liang first proposed that the inverted retinal structure of humans and vertebrates was a bio-optical artificial intelligence (AI), consisting of four layers of fiber-optic couplers among cones and saturable absorbers in the outer segment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Photoreceptors act as optical waveguides [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Modal analysis of waveguide propagation has been used to study how light propagates through photoreceptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Explanation of Photopic Luminous Efficiency Curve by Using Both of the Cones’ Optical Fiber Coupling Effects and the Absorption of L Cones

Liang

Min

et al. 2023

Sensors

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In this paper, we build four-part cone models to explore the coupling effect of seven cone fiber couplers. Moreover, this is the first study of the coupling effect of four layers of biological couplers in animals and other biological lives. We simulate the four layers cone couplers by using the beam propagation method, and we assume the input beam is located at the outer fiber of the central cone. Our simulation results showed that there are two wavelength regions (short and long wavelength regions) with the strongest coupling, where the most power of input optical powers of the central cones will transfer to the six surrounding cones after transmitting through the four layers of cone couplers. However, within a wavelength region of ±75 nm near to the peak wavelengths, located in the yellow–green wavelength range, the splitting ratios at the output of the outer segment of the central cone are always greater than the sum of the splitting ratios of the six surrounding cones. These cone couplers may play an important role in color preprocessing (e.g., doing opponent color processing partially). The cone fiber coupler effect and light absorption of cones are considered separately in our models. By taking account of both the cone fiber coupling effect and absorption of outer segment of L cone, we find the multiplication of the relative optical power of cone couplers, the spectral sensitivity data of the L cone, and a normalized coefficient that matches with the photopic luminous efficiency of the human eye well. This is the attempt to use both the cone fiber coupling effect and the absorption of L cones to explain the photopic luminous efficiency. The splitting ratios of the central cones are greater than 80% at peak wavelengths located in the yellow-green wavelength range, and this can help to explain why the human eye is more sensitive to green light.

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