The Face of Suspicion

Lloyd, E. Paige; Kunstman, Jonathan W.; Tuscherer, Taylor; Bernstein, Michael J.

doi:10.1177/1948550617699251

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…It is important that brief exposures to crowds (1/3 second each) influenced racial cognition in a predictable manner, but this occurred after exposure to a number of trials (i.e., 216 trials) and the statistically significant effects on racial categorization were on the order of only 5% of total biracial categorizations (i.e., 1 of 21 faces). This effect, however, is still meaningful and not unusual for this area of research (Chen & Hamilton, 2012; Hoffman, Trawalter, Axt, & Oliver, 2016; Kubota, Peiso, Marcum, & Cloutier, 2017; Lloyd, Kunstman, Tuscherer, & Bernstein, 2017). Applying the mechanism we isolated in Study 1 to a lifetime of exposure to crowds could, in theory, have much larger influences on racial category boundaries.…”

Section: Study 2: Do People Encounter Emotional Segregation In Natura...mentioning

confidence: 82%

Rapid visual perception of interracial crowds: Racial category learning from emotional segregation.

Lamer¹,

Sweeny²,

Dyer³

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Drawing from research on social identity and ensemble coding, we theorize that crowd perception provides a powerful mechanism for social category learning. Crowds include allegiances that may be distinguished by visual cues to shared behavior and mental states, providing perceivers with direct information about social groups and thus a basis for learning social categories. Here, emotion expressions signaled group membership: to the extent that a crowd exhibited emotional segregation (i.e., was segregated into emotional subgroups), a visible characteristic (race) that incidentally distinguished emotional subgroups was expected to support categorical distinctions. Participants were randomly assigned to view interracial crowds in which emotion differences between (black vs. white) subgroups were either small (control condition) or large (emotional segregation condition). On each trial, participants saw crowds of 12 faces (6 black, 6 white) for roughly 300 ms and were asked to estimate the average emotion of the entire crowd. After all trials, participants completed a racial categorization task and self-report measure of race essentialism. As predicted, participants exposed to emotional segregation (vs. control) exhibited stronger racial category boundaries and stronger race essentialism. Furthermore, such effects accrued via ensemble coding, a visual mechanism that summarizes perceptual information: emotional segregation strengthened participants' racial category boundaries to the extent that segregation limited participants' abilities to integrate emotion across racial subgroups. Together with evidence that people observe emotional segregation in natural environments, these findings suggest that crowd perception mechanisms support racial category boundaries and race essentialism. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Section: Study 2: Do People Encounter Emotional Segregation In Natura...mentioning

confidence: 82%

Rapid visual perception of interracial crowds: Racial category learning from emotional segregation.

Lamer¹,

Sweeny²,

Dyer³

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…Using happiness ratings, however, makes it difficult to ascertain the extent to which participants were able to differentiate between true and false smiles. Therefore, in the present study, we used a signal detection paradigm (Kunstman et al, 2016; Lloyd, Kunstman, Tuscherer, & Bernstein, 2017) to specifically investigate racial biases in categorizing expressions as true or false smiles. Experiment 4 also included a sample of non-Black participants.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceiving happiness in an intergroup context: The role of race and attention to the eyes in differentiating between true and false smiles.

Friesen¹,

Kawakami²,

Vingilis-Jaremko³

et al. 2019

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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The present research comprises six experiments that investigated racial biases in the perception of positive emotional expressions. In an initial study, we demonstrated that White participants distinguished more in their happiness ratings of Duchenne ("true") and non-Duchenne ("false") smiles on White compared with Black faces (Experiment 1). In a subsequent study we replicated this effect using a different set of stimuli and non-Black participants (Experiment 2). As predicted, this bias was not demonstrated by Black participants, who did not significantly differ in happiness ratings between smile types on White and Black faces (Experiment 3). Furthermore, in addition to happiness ratings, we demonstrated that non-Black participants were also more accurate when categorizing true versus false expressions on White compared with Black faces (Experiment 4). The final two studies provided evidence for the mediating role of attention to the eyes in intergroup emotion identification. In particular, eye tracking data indicated that White participants spent more time attending to the eyes of White than Black faces and that attention to the eyes predicted biases in happiness ratings between true and false smiles on White and Black faces (Experiment 5). Furthermore, an experimental manipulation focusing participants on the eyes of targets eliminated the effects of target race or perceptions of happiness (Experiment 6). Together, the findings provide novel evidence for racial biases in the identification of positive emotions and highlight the critical role of visual attention in this process.

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“…For example, there are robust own-race advantages in face recognition (Hugenberg et al, 2010), anxiety detection (Gray et al, 2008), emotion recognition (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002), and smile authenticity (Friesen et al, 2019). Similarly, advantages for high status and majority group members are documented in face memory (Ratcliff et al, 2011), emotion recognition (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002), and lie detection (Lloyd et al, 2017). Because Black Americans are low-status minority group members in the United States (Fiske, 2012) and are commonly treated by White providers (∼75% of U.S. doctors are White; Castillo-Page, 2010), we theorized Black individuals are at greater risk for having their pain expressions misunderstood (Fiske, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Race Deficits in Pain Detection: Medical Providers and Laypeople Fail to Accurately Perceive Pain Authenticity Among Black People

Lloyd

McConnell

et al. 2021

Social Psychological and Personality Science

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Across six studies ( N = 904), we suggest a novel mechanism for race disparities in pain treatment: Perceiver deficits in discriminating real from fake pain for Black (relative to White) individuals. Across Studies 1–4, White participants (Studies 1–4) and Black participants (Study 2) were better at discerning authentic from inauthentic pain expressions for White targets than for Black targets. This effect emerged for both subtle (Studies 1 and 2) and intense (Studies 3 and 4) pain stimuli. Studies 5 and 6 examined consequences for medical care decisions by examining pain treatment recommendations by laypeople (Study 5) and pain authenticity judgments by medical providers (Study 6). This work advances theory in pain perception, emotion judgment, and intergroup relations. It also has practical significance for identifying unexplored mechanisms causing racial disparities in medical care.

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The Face of Suspicion

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Rapid visual perception of interracial crowds: Racial category learning from emotional segregation.

Rapid visual perception of interracial crowds: Racial category learning from emotional segregation.

Perceiving happiness in an intergroup context: The role of race and attention to the eyes in differentiating between true and false smiles.

Race Deficits in Pain Detection: Medical Providers and Laypeople Fail to Accurately Perceive Pain Authenticity Among Black People

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