The facilitating role of visa policies on international trade and foreign direct investment

Akman, Engin

doi:10.1080/14683849.2016.1232589

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Variables listed as the gross domestic product (GDP), distance, regional contiguity, colonial links, common language, trade agreements, visa restrictions, and immigrant stock were reported to have a substantial influence on bilateral trade. While visa restrictions (Akman 2016;Song, Gartner, and Tasci 2012;Yasar, Lisner, and Rejesus 2012) and distance (Disdier and Head 2008;Berthelon and Freund 2008) had hindering impact on the international trade, trade agreements (Baltagi, Egger, and Pfaffermayr 2003), GDP of both host and parent countries, immigrant stock and regional contiguity (Akman 2016;Boubacar 2016) were analyzed to have stimulating effect on the international trade.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The implication of rigid visa policies causes economic losses in terms of trade and tourism by hampering inbound mobility. The hassle and costs of obtaining a visa have business travel and trade diversion impact to non-visa geographies (Akman 2016;Czaika and Neumayer 2017). Numerous countries are introducing more relaxed visa policies to avoid economic losses considering security perceptions in view.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Turkey has introduced several policies to encourage inward bound visitors in the last decade where permissive visa protocols have been in the core (Kuzey, Karaman, and Akman 2019). The relaxed visa policies contributed to stimulate export-led growth and emerge as a trading nation (Akman 2016). The period of liberal visa regimes has covered more than a decade providing reliable data and offers a natural experiment on visa policies and the impacts on exports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visa trial of international trade: evidence from support vector machines and neural networks

Akman¹,

Karaman

Kuzey

2020

Journal of Management Analytics

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International trade depends on networking, interaction and in-person meetings which stimulate cross-border travels. The countries are seeking policies to encourage inbound mobility to support bilateral trade, tourism, and foreign direct investments. Some nations have been implementing liberal visa regimes as an important part of facilitating policies in view of security concerns. Turkey has been among the nations introducing liberal visa policies to support trade in the last decade and recorded significant increases in the volumes of exports. In this paper, we employed machine learning methodologies, Support vector machines (SVM) and Neural networks (NN), to investigate the facilitating impact of liberal visa policies on bilateral trade, using the export data from Turkey for the period of 2000-2014. The research disentangled the variables that have the strongest impact on trade utilizing SVM and NN models and exhibited that visa policies have significant impacts on the bilateral trade. More relaxed visa policies are recommended for the countries in the pursuit of increasing exports.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visa trial of international trade: evidence from support vector machines and neural networks

Akman¹,

Karaman

Kuzey

2020

Journal of Management Analytics

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“…This period should also be marked as the accomplishment of the economic liberalization and the transformation from a closed import substitute economy to a globally integrated export led economy which started after the 1980 military coup. Along with the opposition of some groups -such as workers in the state-owned factories-which harmed the economic liberalization process, the role of trade in the Turkish economy has increased (Akman, 2016).…”

Section: Turkish Foreign Policy At a Glance Since 80'smentioning

confidence: 99%

From Spring to Winter? An Analysis of "Arab Spring" Impacts on Turkey and Mena Region Foreign Trade with Gravity Approach

Kahveci

2019

Asian Economic and Financial Review

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This paper analyzed the foreign policy adjustment in Turkey's current ruling party government period, and the impacts of Arab Spring on the Turkey-MENA region trade. For this purpose, Tinbergen's Gravity Model that is regarded as the workhorse of the empirical international trade model was run by augmenting it with foreign policy adjustment dummies (political shift and Arab Spring), political violence, corruption, free trade agreements, regional and trade agreements. With these policy dummies, we analyzed the impacts of Turkish foreign policy adjustment tools on Turkey and MENA region trade. Estimation results showed that the increase in political connections and concentration in the MENA region had positive impacts on Turkey and MENA regional trade. In contrast to this, the post-Arab Spring period had negative impacts on trade. Empirical results showed that soft power tools for policy activism such as visa liberalization programs, free trade agreements, preferential trade agreements, highlevel economic corporation councils had positive impacts on bilateral trade. But coercive policies and being part of regional conflict had negative impacts on bilateral trade. Contribution/ Originality: This paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing the Arab Spring impacts on bilateral trade and investigating the economic background of Turkey's foreign policy changes. In addition to this, paper underlines the information advantage of neighboring countries in an unstable region. 1 See for details Oktav (2011).

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“…Presentation of a company and the goods or services offered is crucial for access to foreign markets. Improved access to international markets and promotion of products in foreign markets encourage the firms to export and increase the success in new markets (Lileeva, Trefler 2010;Akman 2016). Katsikeas et al (1997) show that export market accessibility is a more significant factor in export success among SMEs compared to larger firms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovering What Makes a Sme Website Good for International Trade

Akman

Dağdeviren

2018

Technological and Economic Development of Economy

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The effectiveness of websites has an impact on the representation of a SME and can have an effect on foreign trade. Thus, developing a reliable and robust model to assess the effectiveness of SME websites is important for researchers and practitioners. The aim of the study is to propose a SME website efficiency evaluation methodology from an international trade perspective. Determining the effectiveness of websites is a multi-dimensional decision-making problem which encompasses the assessment of information quality, system quality, and service quality. The criteria and sub-criteria affecting website effectiveness were determined through literature research and expert panel assistance. AHP method was utilized to determine the relative weights of the evaluation criteria in the study. Then, fuzzy linguistic variables were adopted to rank the websites of SMEs engaged in foreign trade. The proposed evaluation model identifies key factors regarding the criteria and sub-criteria of a website effectiveness. The model can provide a helpful reference in designing useful websites which are an important task for SMEs involved in international trade.

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The facilitating role of visa policies on international trade and foreign direct investment

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Visa trial of international trade: evidence from support vector machines and neural networks

Visa trial of international trade: evidence from support vector machines and neural networks

From Spring to Winter? An Analysis of "Arab Spring" Impacts on Turkey and Mena Region Foreign Trade with Gravity Approach

Discovering What Makes a Sme Website Good for International Trade

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