The Fall and Hypertime. By HudHudson. Pp. xi, 211, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014, £35.00.

Murphy, Benjamin

doi:10.1111/heyj.12233

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…For example, fosfomycin is a clinically used antibiotic, and glyphosate ((HO) 2 P(O)CH 2 NHCH 2 CO 2 H) and glufosinate (MeP(O)(OH)CH 2 CH 2 CH(NH 2 )CO 2 H) are widely employed as herbicides. These organophosphoryl compounds are also widely used in organic synthesis. ,,, For instance, phosphonates are extensively used in Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reactions for the selective preparation of olefins, , while phosphine oxides are good precursors to trivalent phosphines (including the chiral ones such as BINAP), which play a pivotal role as ligands in metal-catalyzed reactions . In addition, they also have wide applications in material chemistry .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium: Generality and Mechanism

2018

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We carried out a comprehensive study on the generality, scope, limitations, and mechanism of the palladium-catalyzed hydrophosphorylation of alkynes with P(O)-H compounds (i.e., H-phosphonates, H-phosphinates, secondary phosphine oxides, and hypophosphinic acid). For H-phosphonates, Pd/dppp was the best catalyst. Both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes, with a variety of functional groups, were applicable to produce the Markovnikov adducts in high yields with high regioselectivity. Aromatic alkynes showed higher reactivity than aliphatic alkynes. Terminal alkynes reacted faster than internal alkynes. Sterically crowded H-phosphonates disfavored the addition. For H-phosphinates and secondary phosphine oxides, Pd/dppe/PhP(O)OH was the catalyst of choice, which led to highly regioselective formation of the Markovnikov adducts. By using Pd(PPh) as the catalyst, hypophosphinic acid added to terminal alkynes to give the corresponding Markovnikov adducts. Phosphinic acids, phosphonic acid, and its monoester were not applicable to this palladium-catalyzed hydrophosphorylation. Mechanistic studies showed that, with a terminal alkyne, (RO)P(O)H reacted, like a Brønsted acid, to selectively generate the α-alkenylpalladium intermediate via hydropalladation. On the other hand, Ph(RO)P(O)H and PhP(O)H gave a mixture of α- and β-alkenylpalladium complexes. In the presence of PhP(O)OH, hydropalladation with this acid took place first to selectively generate the α-alkenylpalladium intermediate. A subsequent ligand exchange with a P(O)H compound gave the phosphorylpalladium intermediate which produced the Markovnikov adduct via reductive elimination. Related intermediates in the catalytic cycle were isolated and characterized.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium: Generality and Mechanism

2018

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“…112 The Directive is an important legal part of the Union's comprehensive counterterrorism policy, complemented by other elements, such as the work of EUROPOL and EUROJUST, the various action plans and strategies at the political level, and the control of the Union's external borders. 113 The EU counter-terrorism strategy focuses on four pillars: prevention, protection, pursuit, and response. The first pillar combats radicalization and recruitment of terrorists by identifying methods, propaganda, and any other instruments used by terrorists.…”

Section: The Legal Framework Of the European Unionmentioning

confidence: 99%

International Criminal Law and International Crimes

Blackburn¹,

Sántha²

2022

Criminal Legal Studies : European Challenges and Central European Responses in the Criminal Science of the 21st Century

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This paper outlines the underlying concepts, statutory elements, and characteristics of the so- called core international crimes (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression) and terrorist crimes. The core international crimes, the act of terrorism, and criminal offenses regarding terrorism are subject to international criminal law. Libraries could be filled with literature on the concept of international criminal law; however, it suffices to refer to the fact that international criminal law is a relatively young area of law that emerged at the boundaries of public international and domestic law. International criminal law cannot be considered a separate branch of law but rather a body of law created by the functional interaction of several branches or areas of law (international, criminal, and constitutional law). This study employs the comparative perspec- tive to address the statutory definitions of the noted crimes and examines the legal way to implement the international requirements by the relevant national laws.

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“…Phosphorothioates are well-known for their promising bioactivities in pesticides and drugs, and a list of efficient protocols were successfully explored for their synthesis through S–P bond formation. , Up to now, in phosphorothioate synthesis through oxidative S–P bond formation, stoichiometric oxidants or hydrogen acceptors were generally employed with only a few exceptions using oxygen/air as oxidant . Therefore, exploring new catalysts which can utilize aerobic oxygen as the oxidant is still highly desirable for this synthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lewis Acid Promoted Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Thiols with Phosphonates by Simple Nickel(II) Catalyst: Substrate Scope and Mechanistic Studies

Xue

Zhang

et al. 2019

J. Org. Chem.

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Exploring new catalysts for efficient organic synthesis is among the most attractive topics in chemistry. Here, using Ni(OAc)2/LA as catalyst (LA: Lewis acid), a novel catalyst strategy was developed for oxidative coupling of thiols and phosphonates to phosphorothioates with oxygen oxidant. The present study discloses that when Ni(OAc)2 alone was employed as the catalyst, the reaction proceeded very sluggishly with low yield, whereas adding non-redox-active metal ions such as Y3+ to Ni(OAc)2 dramatically promoted its catalytic efficiency. The promotional effect is highly Lewis acidity dependent on the added Lewis acid, and generally, a stronger Lewis acid provided a better promotional effect. The stopped-flow kinetics confirmed that adding Y(OTf)3 can obviously accelerate the activation of thiols by Ni(II) and next accelerate its reaction with phosphonate to generate the phosphorothioate product. ESI-MS characterizations of the catalyst disclosed the formation of the heterobimetallic Ni(II)/Y(III) species in the catalyst solution. Additionally, this Ni(II)/LA catalyst can be applied in the synthesis of a series of phosphorothioate compounds including several commercial bioactive compounds. This catalyst strategy has clearly supported that Lewis acid can significantly improve the catalytic efficiency of these traditional metal ions in organic synthesis, thus opening up new opportunities in their catalyst design.

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The Fall and Hypertime. By HudHudson. Pp. xi, 211, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2014, £35.00.

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium: Generality and Mechanism

Hydrophosphorylation of Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium: Generality and Mechanism

International Criminal Law and International Crimes

Lewis Acid Promoted Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Thiols with Phosphonates by Simple Nickel(II) Catalyst: Substrate Scope and Mechanistic Studies

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