The fate of metal (Fe) during diesel combustion: Morphology, chemistry, and formation pathways of nanoparticles

Miller, Art; Ahlstrand, Gib; Kittelson, David B.; Zachariah, Michael R.

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.12.005

Cited by 63 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…If the fuel is doped, it is assumed that low temperature Fe(CO) 5 decomposition (at ∼400 K) would lead to the existence of iron vapor at the flame front, creating the condition for homogeneous nucleation. A similar mechanism for particle formation was already proposed for the combustion of diesel fuel doped with ferrocene by Miller et al (2007). When cooling raises the saturation of iron vapor outside the flame front, the homogeneous nucleation is triggered.…”

Section: Surface Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Most studies explain the reduction of particulate emission by a promotion of the soot oxidation process in the flame (Zhang and Megaridis 1996;Kasper et al 1999). Miller et al (2007) demonstrated a significant decrease in organic carbon (OC) that accounts for most of the decrease in total carbon. Kasper et al (1999) assume that Fe oxides nucleate before soot inception occurs and serve as nuclei for soot formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is a powerful tool for the characterization of size, morphology, and composition of large numbers of individual particles of multicomponent combustion emission (Hand et al 2005;Johnson et al 2005;Kireeva et al 2009). Miller et al (2007) investigated the influence of ferrocene on the combustion of diesel fuel and observed five particle types depending on Fe content in soot: carbon agglomerates, homogeneously nucleated primary particles of iron, carbon agglomerates decorated with iron primary particles, agglomerates of iron primary particles and combined agglomerates of carbon and iron. The EDX results may be analyzed by cluster analysis (CA), which is a well-developed multivariate data analysis technique, and is extensively used for the interpretation of electron microprobe analysis data of individual particles (van Borm and Adams 1988;Bernard and van Grieken 1992;Bondarenko et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Bladt

Schmid

Kireeva

et al. 2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Soot aerosol, which is a major pollutant in the atmosphere of urban areas, often contains not only carbonaceous matter but also inorganic material. These species, for example, iron compounds, originated from impurities in fuel or lubricating oil, additives or engine wear may change the physico-chemical characteristics of soot and hence its environmental impact. We studied the change of composition, structure, and oxidation reactivity of laboratory-produced soot aerosol with varying iron content. Soot types of various iron contents were generated in a propane/air diffusion flame by adjusting the doping amount of iron pentacarbonyl Fe(CO) 5 to the flame. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX) was combined with cluster analysis (CA) to separate individual particles into definable groups of similar chemical composition representing the particle types in dependence of the iron content in soot. Raman microspectroscopy (RM) and infrared spectroscopy were applied for the characterization of the graphitic soot structure, hydrocarbons, and iron species. For the analysis of soot reactivity, temperature-programmed oxidation

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Section: Surface Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Bladt

Schmid

Kireeva

et al. 2012

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…In accordance with specific features of soot they are typically observed for diesel emissions (Clague et al, 1999;Miller et al, 2007;Kireeva et al, 2009). Group Soot composes the major part Fig.…”

Section: Individual Particle Analysesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, small amount of Al accompanies Si in one third fraction of particles in this group, relating to various aluminum silicates. Group Ferich is dominated by Fe and O associated with the irregular shaped iron particles, observed in Miller et al (2007). They typically originate from engine wear and corrosion, and presented by iron oxide .…”

Section: Individual Particle Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Chemical Composition of Diesel and Biodiesel Particle Exhaust

Popovicheva

Kireeva

Steiner

et al. 2014

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The complexity and large variability of transport-emitted aerosols leads to necessity of comprehensive characterization of their physico-chemical and toxicological properties, remaining great uncertainties in health effect assessments. Particles produced by combustion of fossil diesel (B0), 20% rapeseed methyl ester in fossil diesel (B20), and pure rapeseed methyl ester (B100) were sampled from exhaust of an Opel Astra diesel engine using sulfated ash, phosphorous and sulfur (SAPS) lube oil with low and high ash content. Microscopic and chemical characterization is performed to quantify the common and specific properties of diesel/biodiesel exhausts. Hydrophobic saturated aliphatic dominate diesel particle chemistry. Oxygen and nitrogen-containing functionalities are specific for more hydrophilic biodiesel particles. A full range of chemical species for individual particles is grouped by clustering technique combined with water-soluble ion measurements. Analysis of group abundance shows carbonaceous particles (soot externally mixed with inorganic salts) and inorganic fly ash (metal oxides) in a structure of exhaust, in correlation with inorganic contaminations in fuel and lube oil. Quantification of particle types in terms of physicochemical relevance supports the identification of groups which may act as biomicromarkers discriminating between diesel and biofuel exhaust and micromarkers of using high ash lube oil, thus providing a basis for correlative toxicological assessment of diesel/biofuel engine emissions.

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Particle Formation and Models

Kittelson

Kraft

2014

Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering

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This chapter reviews work on aerosols originating from internal combustion engines with an emphasis on soot formation during combustion as well as formation of semi‐volatile and ash particles during combustion and subsequent cooling and dilution processes. Mathematical models of particle formation in engines and remaining modeling challenges are also discussed. Aerosols are formed during combustion in the cylinder, in the exhaust system, and after the tailpipe. Specific mechanisms include the injection of fuel, formation and oxidation of particles during combustion, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and condensation of semi‐volatiles. The role of fuels is discussed with respect to their ignition behavior as a consequence of mixture preparation in the cylinder and with respect to their sooting propensity. Models for the formation, growth, and oxidation of soot particles are presented and the most popular mathematical approaches for simulating particle emissions are introduced. Solid and semi‐volatile nucleation mode particles are also discussed in some detail. Key drivers in the formation of these particles are sulfur in the fuel and lubricating oil and metals in the lubricating oil. Particle emissions of different types of gasoline engines with and without aftertreatment are also discussed and compared with diesel engine emissions. Some of the shortcomings of the current models and future research areas are highlighted at the end.

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The fate of metal (Fe) during diesel combustion: Morphology, chemistry, and formation pathways of nanoparticles

Cited by 63 publications

References 15 publications

Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Impact of Fe Content in Laboratory-Produced Soot Aerosol on its Composition, Structure, and Thermo-Chemical Properties

Microstructure and Chemical Composition of Diesel and Biodiesel Particle Exhaust

Particle Formation and Models

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