The Fate of Nanoparticles In Vivo and the Strategy of Designing Stealth Nanoparticle for Drug Delivery

Abstract

: Nano-drug delivery systems (Nano-DDS) offer powerful advantages in drug delivery and targeted therapy for diseases. Compared to traditional drug formulations, Nano-DDS can increase solubility, biocompatibility, and reduce offtargeted side effects of free drugs. However, they still have some disadvantages that pose a limitation in reaching their full potential in clinical use. Protein adsorption in blood, activation of the complement system, and subsequent sequestration by the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) consequently result in nanoparticles (NPs) to be rapidly cleared from the circulation. Therefore, NPs have low drug delivery efficiency. So, it is important to develop stealth NPs for reducing bio– nano interaction. In this review, we first conclude the interaction between NPs and biological environments, such as blood proteins and MPS, and factors influencing each other. Next, we will summarize the new strategies to reduce NPs protein adsorption and uptake by the MPS based on current knowledge of the bio–nano interaction. Further directions will also be highlighted for the development of biomimetic stealth nano-delivery systems by combining targeted strategies for a better therapeutic effect.

Dual Sensitization Anti-Resistant Nanoparticles for Treating Refractory Breast Cancers via Apoptosis-Inducing

“… 31 , 32 Nano-drug delivery systems by linking target ligand molecules are often recognized and cleared by the mononuclear phagocytic system, thereby reducing the circulation time in the blood and ultimately leading to poor efficacy. 33 Alternate cationic nano-drug delivery systems can accumulate in tumor blood vessels, but they are highly toxic and easily accumulated in the liver, accelerating the clearance rate. 34 The amphiphilic Ce6-TPGS 1000 , HA-α-TOS, and paclitaxel could be incorporated into the nanoparticles via hydrophobic interaction, which could be partially proven by the synergistic effect of photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy ( Figure 3 ).…”

Modulating undruggable targets to overcome cancer therapy resistance

“…To prolong this circulation, NPs are made stealth, i.e. able to escape the immune system which is prompt to eliminate them rapidly from the circulation (Bao et al, 2021). The polymer most commonly used at the surface of NPs in this context is the poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG (D'souza and Shegokar, 2016;Vonarbourg et al, 2006), but other surface coating with poly(2-oxazoline), poly(zwitterions) (Fam et al, 2020) or polysaccharides as chitosan (Moraru et al, 2020) have been employed.…”

Smart Polymeric Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy

“…The most commonly used natural polysaccharides are dextran, polysialic acid, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and heparin. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and PEG-containing copolymers such as poloxamines, poloxamers, and polysorbates are preferred synthetic polymers [ 21 ].…”