The fate of S-bearing species after ion irradiation of interstellar icy grain mantles

Abstract

Context. Chemical models predict the presence of S-bearing molecules such as hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) in interstellar icy grain mantles in dense molecular clouds. Up to now only two S-bearing molecules, namely sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS), have been detected in the solid phase towards young stellar objects (YSOs), while upper limits for solid H 2 S have been reported towards the same lines of sight. The estimated abundance of S-bearing molecules in icy grain mantles is not able to account for the cosmic S abundance. Aims. In this paper we studied the effects of ion irradiation on different icy targets formed by carbon monoxide (CO) and SO 2 or H 2 S as mixtures and, for the first time, as layers. Methods. We carried out several irradiation experiments on ices containing SO 2 or H 2 S mixed or layered with CO. The samples were irradiated with 200 keV protons in a high-vacuum chamber (P < 10 −7 mbar) at a temperature of 16-20 K. IR spectra of the samples were recorded after various steps of irradiation and after warm-up. Results. We have found that the column density of H 2 S and SO 2 , as well as CO, decreases after irradiation, and the formation of new molecular species is observed. In the case of CO:SO 2 samples, OCS, sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ), ozone (O 3 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are the most abundant species formed. In the case of CO:H 2 S samples the most abundant species formed are OCS, SO 2 , carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), hydrogen persulfide (H 2 S 2 ), and CO 2 . The profile of the OCS band formed after irradiation of the CO:H 2 S mixture compares well with the profile of the OCS band detected towards the high mass YSO W33A. Conclusions. Our results show that on a time scale comparable to the molecular cloud lifetime, the column density of H 2 S is strongly reduced and we suggest that this could explain the failure of its detection in the solid phase in the lines of sight of YSOs. We suggest that the solid OCS and SO 2 detected in dense molecular clouds are formed after ion irradiation of icy grain mantles.

Subsurface chemistry of mantles of interstellar dust grains in dark molecular cores

“…Ferrante et al (2008) and Garozzo et al (2010) show experimentally that OCS is readily formed in laboratory-simulated interstellar conditions, while our model shows OCS to be a molecule with a very high nM/S ratio. However, we note again that OCS has a very limited reaction set.…”

“…Organic species include unsaturated thiols, thioethers and thioketones. Other species would be carbon disulfide CS 2 and those containing an S-S bond, already mentioned by Garozzo et al (2010). Our idea is that a significant amount (say, some 40%) of sulfur is dissipated over a great variety of minor species (including many simpler radicals) and thus is hardly observable.…”

The Submillimeter Array 1.3 mm line survey of Arp 220

“…Regarding the possible AGN-driven origin of the enhanced H 2 S abundance, there is no evidence in the literature to attribute the large abundance of H 2 S to a possibly hidden AGN. Moreover, recent laboratory experiments show the rapid decline of H 2 S observed in icy mantles when exposed to ion irradiation (Garozzo et al 2010). …”

Sulfur depletion in dense clouds and circumstellar regions

“…That suggests that H 2 S is expected to be present in circumstellar ice mantles. The H 2 S ice will be strongly processed by UV and ion irradiation (Garozzo et al 2010;Grim & Greenberg 1987;Moore et al 2007).…”