The feasibility of heavy battery electric trucks

Nykvist, Björn; Olsson, Olle

doi:10.1016/j.joule.2021.03.007

Cited by 125 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The advancement of EV technology has increased the social and economic benefits in both the transportation and energy sector. Despite these benefits, battery technology limitations such as weight, lifespan, and storage capacity, and high battery cost [6,7] are still the major hindrances to the broad acceptance of EVs. However, many automotive industries, organizations, and countries are investing in the research and development of EV battery technology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies, Charging Methods, Standards and Optimization Techniques

et al. 2021

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This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of electric vehicle technology, charging methods, standards, and optimization techniques. The essential characteristics of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) are first discussed. Recent research on EV charging methods such as Battery Swap Station (BSS), Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), and Conductive Charging (CC) are then presented. This is followed by a discussion of EV standards such as charging levels and their configurations. Next, some of the most used optimization techniques for the sizing and placement of EV charging stations are analyzed. Finally, based on the insights gained, several recommendations are put forward for future research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies, Charging Methods, Standards and Optimization Techniques

et al. 2021

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] These conditions are of particular importance to the automotive industry as electric vehicles utilizing LIB systems (EVs) must be able to safely charge and discharge in a variety of climates. 6 In order to be market-competitive and displace conventional vehicles, EVs and their battery systems must also be capable of fast charging 7 reliably within these constraints.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanded in situ aging indicators for lithium-ion batteries with a blended NMC-LMO electrode cycled at sub-ambient temperature

Smith¹,

Svens²,

Varini³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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An important step toward safer and more reliable lithium-ion battery systems is the development of better methods for detection and characterization of battery degradation. For a method to be suitable for online application (e.g., onboard an electric vehicle), it must be simple, explanatory, and non-invasive. In this work, we develop and track aging indicators over the life of 18650-format lithium-ion batteries with a blended NMC532-LMO positive electrode and graphite negative electrode. Cells are cycled until reaching 80 % of their original capacity under combinations of four different cycling conditions: ambient and sub-ambient temperatures (29 and 10 °C) and fast and mild rates (2.7 and 1.0C). Loss of lithium inventory dominates aging for all cases, with additional loss of NMC capacity under the combination of sub-ambient temperature and mild rate. A novel, easily acquired polarization factor (supported by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) complements capacity fade analysis; it correlates well with ultimate cell lifetime and indicates changes in active aging processes. These processes are further revealed by differential voltage analysis (DVA) and incremental capacity analysis (ICA). New indicators and aging scenarios are evaluated for these techniques and supported by post mortem analysis. From in operando cycling data and a single, slow discharge curve, these four methods (capacity fade, polarization factor, DVA, and ICA) comprise a simple, explanatory, and non-invasive toolbox for evaluating aging online in lithium-ion battery systems.

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“…The rising popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) has put increasing pressure on the demand for lithium carbonates in the last decade. In fact, as EVs become more and more accessible, different applications such as public transit, personal transportation, heavy trucks and even underground mining equipment are considering the electric battery as a viable alternative [1,2]. Lithium-ion batteries are of particular interest because they possess many attractive properties, such as high energy density, low self-discharge, low maintenance and now greatly reduced costs, which have made them superior to other commercial technologies on the market [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elaborated with data from feasibility studies[17,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. For the purpose of comparison, all values have been discounted to December 2020 U.S. dollars using the rates listed on the United States Department of Labor[29] from the dates indicated in the respective feasibility studies 2. Presented values have not been discounted and are reported according to the date of the feasibility studies 3.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives of Lithium Mining in Quebec, Potential and Advantages of Integration into a Local Battery Production Chain for Electric Vehicles

Ibarra-Gutiérrez

Bouchard

Laflamme³

et al. 2021

International Conference on Raw Materials and Circular Economy

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This paper presents a discussion on Quebec’s pegmatite lithium resources and potential markets. It also evaluates the opportunities of lithium battery production for electric vehicles (EV) in the province while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper shows that mining Quebec’s lithium ore deposits would be sufficient to satisfy the province’s lithium demand and also for exporting abroad lithium-ion batteries. By considering only the projects whose final product is LMH or LCE, Quebec would be able to produce between 10 and 21 million lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles with a greenhouse gas emissions footprint of only 43% of the international average value due to Quebec’s hydro power. Finally, considering Quebec’s lithium mining project economics, the increased future demand for lithium would render Quebec’s lithium pegmatite projects competitive compared with those reported for brine projects.

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The feasibility of heavy battery electric trucks

Cited by 125 publications

References 25 publications

Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies, Charging Methods, Standards and Optimization Techniques

Review of Electric Vehicle Technologies, Charging Methods, Standards and Optimization Techniques

Expanded in situ aging indicators for lithium-ion batteries with a blended NMC-LMO electrode cycled at sub-ambient temperature

Perspectives of Lithium Mining in Quebec, Potential and Advantages of Integration into a Local Battery Production Chain for Electric Vehicles

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