The feasibility of using Microsoft Kinect v2 sensors during radiotherapy delivery

Edmunds, David; Bashforth, Sophie E.; Tahavori, Fatemeh; Wells, Kevin; Donovan, Ellen M.

doi:10.1120/jacmp.v17i6.6377

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As previously reported,13 the Kinect v2 is able to track motion patterns with a root mean squared accuracy of approximately 1.5 mm. Hardware latency causes a delay between a beam on signal and the commencement of radiation delivery, and vice versa for beam off.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…2. In previous work, a calibration procedure for the Kinect v2 was established, and the temperature stability of the device was investigated 13. The clinical study protocol was then followed according to Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work has shown that the sensor has distance accuracy and precision of 1 to 2 mm after calibration, which is sufficient for breath‐hold monitoring where changes are 5 to 10 mm in magnitude 10, 11, 13, 14, 15. In our previous work,13 we demonstrated that the Kinect v2 can be used safely in a radiation environment without image distortions caused by the radiation beam. The work reported here can be divided into two components:

We performed the first clinical study using the Kinect v2 in breast radiotherapy, with markerless tracking.

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low‐cost Kinect Version 2 imaging system for breath hold monitoring and gating: Proof of concept study for breast cancer VMAT radiotherapy

Edmunds

Gothard

Khabra

et al. 2018

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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Voluntary inspiration breath hold (VIBH) for left breast cancer patients has been shown to be a safe and effective method of reducing radiation dose to the heart. Currently, VIBH protocol compliance is monitored visually. In this work, we establish whether it is possible to gate the delivery of radiation from an Elekta linac using the Microsoft Kinect version 2 (Kinect v2) depth sensor to measure a patient breathing signal. This would allow contactless monitoring during VMAT treatment, as an alternative to equipment–assisted methods such as active breathing control (ABC). Breathing traces were acquired from six left breast radiotherapy patients during VIBH. We developed a gating interface to an Elekta linac, using the depth signal from a Kinect v2 to control radiation delivery to a programmable motion platform following patient breathing patterns. Radiation dose to a moving phantom with gating was verified using point dose measurements and a Delta4 verification phantom. 60 breathing traces were obtained with an acquisition success rate of 100%. Point dose measurements for gated deliveries to a moving phantom agreed to within 0.5% of ungated delivery to a static phantom using both a conventional and VMAT treatment plan. Dose measurements with the verification phantom showed that there was a median dose difference of better than 0.5% and a mean (3% 3 mm) gamma index of 92.6% for gated deliveries when using static phantom data as a reference. It is possible to use a Kinect v2 device to monitor voluntary breath hold protocol compliance in a cohort of left breast radiotherapy patients. Furthermore, it is possible to use the signal from a Kinect v2 to gate an Elekta linac to deliver radiation only during the peak inhale VIBH phase.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

We performed the first clinical study using the Kinect v2 in breast radiotherapy, with markerless tracking.

…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Low‐cost Kinect Version 2 imaging system for breath hold monitoring and gating: Proof of concept study for breast cancer VMAT radiotherapy

Edmunds

Gothard

Khabra

et al. 2018

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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“…Behrens et al [ 19 ] investigated the applicability of Kinect to detect the walking speed of multiple sclerosis patients. Other applications include the gait analysis [ 20 ], balance training [ 21 , 22 ], and monitoring patient setup [ 23 , 24 ] and dose delivery during radiotherapy [ 25 ]. This study is the first to propose the use of Kinect on ED measurements and verify the results through clinical data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using a Somatosensory Controller to Assess Body Size for Size-Specific Dose Estimates in Computed Tomography

Han

Liu

2018

BioMed Research International

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Computed tomography (CT) has been widely used in the healthcare environment. Presently, the radiation dose in CT is determined using the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE). Accurate assessment of individual's body size is essential for dose estimation. In this study, we integrated a somatosensory controller with a CT scanner to measure patient's anterior-posterior diameter (APD) and lateral diameter (LATD) and calculate the corresponding effective diameter (ED). A total of 108 individuals with an average age of 38.6 years were enrolled in this study. Microsoft Kinect was used to acquire the depth image of subjects. A grayscale-to-surface height conversion curve was created using acrylic sheets for APD estimation. The APD, LATD, and ED were measured and compared with the results obtained using F ruler and CT images. The mean absolute differences for APD, LATD, and ED between Kinect and F ruler measurements were 5.2%, 1.3%, and 2.5%, respectively, while those between Kinect and CT measurements were 8.8%, 2.6%, and 5.0%, respectively. Kinect can replace CT or F ruler for real-time body size measurements. The use of the somatosensory controller has the advantages of simple, low cost, no radiation, and automatic calculation. It can accurately estimate patient's APD, LATD, and ED for SSDE.

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“…In prior investigations of using radar in the radiotherapy setting, the distance between the radar and the target to be positionally tracked was minimized in order to increase detection accuracy and avoid interference from the nearby treatment machine. Distances less than one meter were typical, which is acceptable is easily accommodated in the majority of clinical setups [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Performance is further improved with hardware selection or development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Respiratory Motion during VMAT Treatment Delivery Using Ultra-Wideband Radar

Fallatah

Bolić

MacPherson

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The goal of this paper is to evaluate the potential of a low-cost, ultra-wideband radar system for detecting and monitoring respiratory motion during radiation therapy treatment delivery. Radar signals from breathing motion patterns simulated using a respiratory motion phantom were captured during volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) delivery. Gantry motion causes strong interference affecting the quality of the extracted respiration motion signal. We developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model for recovering the breathing motion patterns. Next, automated classification into four classes of breathing amplitudes is performed, including no breathing, breath hold, free breathing and deep inspiration. Breathing motion patterns extracted from the radar signal are in excellent agreement with the reference data recorded by the respiratory motion phantom. The classification accuracy of simulated deep inspiration breath hold breathing was 94% under the worst case interference from gantry motion and linac operation. Ultra-wideband radar systems can achieve accurate breathing rate estimation in real-time during dynamic radiation delivery. This technology serves as a viable alternative to motion detection and respiratory gating systems based on surface detection, and is well-suited to dynamic radiation treatment techniques. Novelties of this work include detection of the breathing signal using radar during strong interference from simultaneous gantry motion, and using ANN to perform adaptive signal processing to recover breathing signal from large interference signals in real time.

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The feasibility of using Microsoft Kinect v2 sensors during radiotherapy delivery

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Low‐cost Kinect Version 2 imaging system for breath hold monitoring and gating: Proof of concept study for breast cancer VMAT radiotherapy

Low‐cost Kinect Version 2 imaging system for breath hold monitoring and gating: Proof of concept study for breast cancer VMAT radiotherapy

Using a Somatosensory Controller to Assess Body Size for Size-Specific Dose Estimates in Computed Tomography

Monitoring Respiratory Motion during VMAT Treatment Delivery Using Ultra-Wideband Radar

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