The fermentation characteristics of Sparassis crispa polysaccharides and their effects on the intestinal microbes in mice

Abstract

Background Sparassis crispa polysaccharides (SCPs) have multiple pharmacological activities. Fermentation characteristics of SCPs and its effects on the intestinal microbes in mice remain inconclusive. Results In this study, SCPs were fermented by the human feces and used to administer the Kunming mice to explore the fermentation characteristics of SCPs in the intestinal tract and the effects on the intestinal microbes in mice. Results from in vitro experiments revealed that SCPs were utilized by intestinal microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The specific monosaccharide composition of SCPs determines which SCFAs are produced. Furthermore, the colon index and villi length of the SCPs-treated mice were significantly higher compared with the control group. In addition, SCPs exhibited beneficial effect on the relative abundance and diversity of dominant bacteria in the intestinal tract, such as increasing Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and up-regulating SCFA-producing bacteria, including Bacteroidales_S24-7_group, Alloprevotella, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Parabacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Oscillibacter. SCPs increased the abundance of genes in carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolism. Conclusion Our results indicate SCPs can improve the physiological indices of the colon in mice, which is likely to be associated with the increase in the relative abundance and diversity of SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFAs level produced by intestinal microbiota. Graphic abstract

Galactooligosaccharide or 2′-Fucosyllactose Modulates Gut Microbiota and Inhibits LPS/TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway to Prevent DSS-Induced Colitis Aggravated by a High-Fructose Diet in Mice

“…FL or GOS consumption increased the diversity of gut microbiota and also altered the structure of the microbes affected by feeding HFrD. Specifically, GOS or FL increased the alpha diversity of gut microbiota, reduced the levels of LPS-producing bacteria, and increased the levels of SCFAs-producing bacteria ( Parasutterella , Blautia , Ruminiclostridium_9 , Butyricimonas , Ruminiclostridium , Oscillibacter , Ruminococcaceae_UCG-004 , and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group ), compared to the Fw group. − In DSS-induced colitis, the differences in gut microbiota between the FL and GOS treatments were more pronounced in regular diet-fed mice, whereas the differences were not significant in HFrD-fed mice . This may explain why the ameliorative effects between GOS and FL are similar to those of mice with HFrD, which were different in mice with a regular diet.…”

The Effects of a High-Fat/Cholesterol Diet on the Intestine of Rats Were Attenuated by Sparassis latifolia Polysaccharides

“…The rats in LD, MD and HD groups were administered intragastrically 100, 200, 400 mg/(kg·day) of S. latifolia polysaccharides, and the rats in NC and HFC groups were given the same volume of normal saline by gavage for 8 weeks, respectively. According to our previous study, S. latifolia polysaccharides were safe for the animal intestines ( 13 ). Rats had ad libitum access to food and water during the adaptation and experiment period under SPF conditions.…”

“…Meanwhile, rats in LD, MD and HD groups were administered intragastrically with 100, 200, 400 mg/(kg bm/day) of SLPs, and the rats in NC and HFC groups were applied with the same volume of normal saline by gavage for 8 weeks, respectively. According to our pervious study, SLPs was safe to animals' intestines (12). After fasting for 12 h, the rats were anesthetized with ether, and then sacrificed by cervical dissection.…”

“…The analysis of Relative abundance of species, cluster and Spearman correlations were were calculated by QIIME software (Version 1.7.0) (19) and visualized by R software (Version 2.15.3) (20). For functional analysis, functional abundances from 16S rRNA sequencing data were analysed for the functional prediction of microbiota with Tax4fun (V1.0) (21) based on the database of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) (12) and Functional Annotation of Prokaryotic Taxa (FAPROTAX) (V1.0) (21).The correlation heatmap between lipid metabolism biomarkers and intestinal microbiota at the genus level was based on the R software (Version 2.15.3) (20).…”

The benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides for health and their influence on gut microbiota: a review

“…The polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum have also been observed to increase the concentration of SCFAs in human gastrointestinal simulations, specifically acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-butyrate ( 89 ). Furthermore, polysaccharides from Sparassis crispa have been found to regulate blood sugar levels through modulation of SCFAs concentration ( 90 ). Therefore, the health benefits of EMPs can be attributed to the type and amount of SCFAs produced in the gut.…”