The first application of wastewater-based drug epidemiology in five South Korean cities

Kim, Ki-Yong; Lai, Foon Yin; Kim, Hee-Young; Thai, Phong K.; Mueller, Jochen F.; Oh, Jeong‐Eun

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.065

Cited by 82 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…1,2 Concentration of the drug residues can be assessed through analytical routines that include sample collection and preservation, followed by specific analytes separation and quantification. Benzoylecgonine (BE) and cocaine (COC) have been the most frequently investigated substances within wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) initiatives around the world, [3][4][5][6][7] since the former is the most abundant cocaine metabolite. Also for this reason, analytical data concerning benzoylecgonine in wastewater samples has been used as a near real-time tool to estimate cocaine consumption for a given population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies

Sodré¹,

Feitosa²,

Jardim³

et al. 2018

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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The distribution of consumed cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District (FD) was estimated using the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach. Sewage samples from eight wastewater treatment plants were analyzed for cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The highest per capita consumption was noticed for the northern area of the Brazilian Capital (1162 mg day -1 1000 inh -1 ) being 32% higher than the average consumption rate of the investigated region. In this area, a day-to-day investigation revealed an average cocaine consumption of 1800 mg day -1 1000 inh -1 during the weekend, i.e., more than 50% higher than weekdays. An annual street-grade cocaine load of about 2 ton was estimated for the FD considering previous information on the actual purity of seized street drugs as well as consumers between 15 and 64 years old. Sample preservation strategies were also investigated in order to expand the WBE approach to other Brazilian areas. Sample acidification to pH 2.0 presented the smallest relative errors for COC (+11%) and BE (−4%) after a period of three days under typical transport conditions practiced by the Brazilian national postal service.Keywords: illicit drugs, cocaine use, WBE, sample preservation, consumption estimates IntroductionCocaine and its metabolites are commonly found in wastewater due to human urinary excretion or even through direct drug disposal (accidentally or not) in the sewer system. 1,2 Concentration of the drug residues can be assessed through analytical routines that include sample collection and preservation, followed by specific analytes separation and quantification. Benzoylecgonine (BE) and cocaine (COC) have been the most frequently investigated substances within wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) initiatives around the world, [3][4][5][6][7] since the former is the most abundant cocaine metabolite. Also for this reason, analytical data concerning benzoylecgonine in wastewater samples has been used as a near real-time tool to estimate cocaine consumption for a given population. 8,9 Several works have explored different aspects of the WBE approach including other cocaine metabolites, 10 estimation of other consumed drugs, 10-12 influence of recreational events, [13][14][15][16] consumption dynamics in restricted facilities, [17][18][19] temporal and spatial variability, [20][21][22] stability of target chemicals, 23,24 refinement on estimates calculation, [25][26][27] innovations in sample preparation and analysis, [28][29][30] among others. In Brazil, the first work to put the WBE approach into practice was designed to assess cocaine consumption on regions served by six wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) installed in the Brazilian Federal District (FD). 31 Results revealed a consumption of 920 mg day -1 1000 inhabitants -1 . Recently, our group also showed higher cocaine consumption patterns in the FD during the FIFA World Cup weekend matches as well as significant crack-cocaine use in the FD th...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies

Sodré¹,

Feitosa²,

Jardim³

et al. 2018

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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“…This has allowed the estimation and comparison of drug use over time in up to 42 European cities Thomas et al, 2012). However, WBE has also been implemented in other continents such as Australia (Irvine et al, 2011;Prichard et al, 2012) and North America (Banta-Green et al, 2009;Devault et al, 2014;Metcalfe et al, 2010;Subedi and Kannan, 2014) and is starting to be applied in Asia (Khan et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2015;Lai et al, 2013). WBE has also been applied once in South America (Brazil) for the estimation of cocaine consumption (Maldaner et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of illicit drug use in the main cities of Colombia by means of urban wastewater analysis

Bijlsma

Botero-Coy

Rincón

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) relies on the principle that traces of compounds, which a population is exposed to or consume, are excreted unchanged or as metabolites in urine and/or feces, and ultimately end up in the sewer network. Measuring target metabolic residues i.e. biomarkers in raw urban wastewater allows identifying the exposure or use of substances of interest in a community. Up to date, the most popular application of WBE is the estimation of illicit drug use and studies have been made mainly across Europe, which has allowed estimating and comparing drug use in many European cities. However, until now a comprehensive study applying WBE on the most frequently consumed illicit drugs has not been performed in South American countries. In this work, we applied this approach to samples from Colombia, selecting two of the most populated cities: Bogotá and Medellin. Several biomarkers were selected to estimate drug use of cocaine, cannabis, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), heroin and ketamine. Composite samples (24-h) were collected at the corresponding municipal wastewater treatment plants. Sample treatment was performed at location by applying solid-phase extraction (SPE). Before SPE, the samples were spiked with appropriate isotope labeled internal standards. In parallel, samples (spiked with the analytes under study at two concentration levels) were also processed for quality control. Analysis of influent wastewater was made by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with triple quadrupole analyzer. Data shown in this paper reveal a high use of cocaine by the population of the selected Colombian cities, particularly from Medellin, while the use of other illicit drugs were low. The relevance of using quality control samples, particularly in collaborative studies, as those presented in this work, where research groups from different countries participate and where the samples had to be shipped overseas, is highlighted in this paper.

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“…horvátországi tapasztalatok alapján. Esetenként legális szerekben is előfordulhat drogmaradvány: a metamfetamin például a Parkinson-kór kezelésében is használt, magyar fejlesztésű szelegilin és a figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitás-zavart gyógyító dextroamfetamin metabolitja, amely csak nagyon kis százalékban torzíthatja ugyan a mintát, de számolni kell vele (Kim et al [2015] 443. old.).…”

Section: A Szennyvízelemzés Módszere éS Bizonytalansági Tényezőiunclassified

“…A metamfetamin becsült napi fogyasztása 2,6 és 67,9 mg/1000 fő között szóródott, és éppen a legkisebb, csak felerészt városiasodott településen, Mirjangban mutatta a legmagasabb értéket. Nemzetközi összehasonlításban ezek az adatok álta-lában jóval az észak-és a kelet-európaiak, az észak-amerikaiak, az ausztrálok, a hongkongiak és a dél-kínaiak alatt maradtak (Kim et al [2015]). …”

Section: áZsiaunclassified

Multidiszciplináris eljárás a kábítószerfogyasztás mérésére: a szennyvízelemzésen alapuló drogepidemiológia. Nemzetközi vizsgálatok és adatok

Rózsa¹

2017

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The first application of wastewater-based drug epidemiology in five South Korean cities

Cited by 82 publications

References 33 publications

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies

Estimation of illicit drug use in the main cities of Colombia by means of urban wastewater analysis

Multidiszciplináris eljárás a kábítószerfogyasztás mérésére: a szennyvízelemzésen alapuló drogepidemiológia. Nemzetközi vizsgálatok és adatok

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