The first isolation and molecular characterization of camelpox virus in Ethiopia

Multiplex PCR for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of pox and pox-like diseases in dromedary Camels

“…The disease is endemic in these countries and a pattern of sporadic outbreaks occurs with a rise in seasonal incidence usually during the rainy season [ 5 ]. The disease was reported in the past five years from Saudi Arabia [ 7 ], India [ 3 , 8 ], Ethiopia [ 9 ] and Iran [ 10 ].…”

Orthopoxviruses—Plagues of Mankind, Strategists in Immune Evasion, Teachers in Vaccination

“…Whether this lack of human disease is due to the absence of MPXV in rodents is unknown (Salzer et al 2013). Sporadic outbreaks of CMLV infections have been reported among camels from a wide range of countries in Asia and Africa, especially in the Middle East (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen), in Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Somalia and Sudan), and in Asia (Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, the Asian part of Russia, Turkmenistan, and United Arab Emirates) (Baxby 1972;Wernery and Kaaden 2002;Balamurugan et al 2009;Bhanuprakash et al 2010a;Touil et al 2012;Ayelet et al 2013). Although the occurrence of camelpox is reported frequently by field veterinarians and camel herders, and despite the fact that CMLV is genetically the closest known virus to VARV, the epidemiology of the disease remains poorly studied.…”

“…This may be due to the fact that moisture may enhance virus stability in the environment and increase subsequent transmission to susceptible animals. Virus transmission could be also associated with the involvement of arthropods, such as Hyalomma dromedarii ticks, which are abundant during rainy seasons and may serve as a mechanical vector of the virus (Wernery et al 2000;Ayelet et al 2013). CMLV was regarded to be strictly host-specific and thought not to infect humans or animal species, such as cattle, sheep and goats.…”

“…Unlike the African outbreaks, the US outbreak did not result in any fatalities and there was no documented human-to-human or secondary transmission. Clinical manifestations of Camelpox range from unapparent infection to mild, moderate, and less common, severe systemic infection and death (Czerny and Mayr 1990d;Ayelet et al 2013). Young calves and pregnant females are more susceptible (Wernery and Kaaden 2002;Al-Zi'abi et al 2007).…”

“…This picture, especially the necrosis, enables the differentiation of CPXV from VACV and parapox virus infections. Differential clinical diagnosis of MPXV infections reflects mainly on smallpox and other causes of vesiculopustular rashes such as chickenpox, whereas clinical symptoms of camelpox are very similar to viral diseases, such as contagious ecthyma (parapoxvirus) and papillomatosis (papillomavirus) (Wernery and Kaaden 2002;Ayelet et al 2013). Due to their large size and typical particle morphology, the preferred method for a rapid OPXV diagnosis in fresh samples of skin and mucous membrane pustules, swabs or bioptates is electron microscopy (EM).…”