The First Mitochondrial Genomes of the Family Haplodiplatyidae (Insecta: Dermaptera) Reveal Intraspecific Variation and Extensive Gene Rearrangement

Abstract

Haplodiplatyidae is a recently established earwig family with over 40 species representing a single genus, Haplodiplatys Hincks, 1955. The morphology of Haplodiplatyidae has been studied in detail, but its molecular characters remain unclear. In this study, two mitogenomes of Haplodiplatys aotouensis Ma & Chen, 1991, were sequenced based on two samples from Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, respectively. These represent the first mitogenomes for the family Haplodiplatyidae. The next-generation sequencing method and subsequent automatic assembly obtained two mitogenomes. The two mitogenomes of H. aotouensis were generally identical but still exhibit a few sequence differences involving protein-coding genes (PCGs), ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, control regions, and intergenic spacers. The typical set of 37 mitochondrial genes was annotated, while many transfer RNA (tRNA) genes were rearranged from their ancestral locations. The calculation of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution rates in PCGs indicated the fastest evolving nd4l gene in H. aotouensis. The phylogenetic analyses supported the basal position of Apachyidae but also recovered several controversial clades.

Characteristics and Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial Genomes of the Aphid Genus Hyalopterus Koch (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphidinae)

“…Furthermore, compared with AA197, NC_050904 has a single nucleotide deletion at position 12 ( Figure 4 d). It has been reported that high nucleotide substitution rates, insertions or deletions, and variations in copy number are the factors that contribute to the intraspecific differences in non-coding regions of insect mitogenomes [ 56 , 58 ].…”

Digital entrepreneurial intentions and actions in China during the COVID-19 pandemic with policy implications

“…In addition, the monopoly of large digital companies and fierce competition force entrepreneurs to focus on short-term survival rather than long-term sustainable development. Due to a lack of intellectual property protection, the initial digital start-ups lacked commitment to developing new technology in the long run because they were worried about being copied by other players and losing money ( Liu et al, 2022 ; Zhu et al, 2019 ).…”

“…A third important area of study is the role of financing for entrepreneurships during crises, and a variety of support tools ( Dushnitsky et al, 2020 ). Liu et al (2022) examine Chinese SMEs’ financing responses to the outbreak of COVID-19. Fairlie and Fossen (2022) investigate the effect of the US federal government’s response to assist small businesses, and Atkins et al (2022) provide further understanding of the role of race in loans made through the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP).…”

Historical Biogeography of Earwigs

“…Thus, available cladistic/taxonomic information was used to group genera into subfamilies or families, and subfamilies into families, when recognized as monophyletic; similarly, families and unnamed lineages were further grouped into larger monophyletic groups following the earwig phylogeny as expressed by the cladogram presented by Wipfler et al [ 37 ] complemented with taxonomic information for clades not included in their analyses. The family Haplodiplatyidae was considered in the data set ( Table S2 ), but it is not represented in the phylogenetic reconstruction of Figure S1 because of its unclear relationships [ 39 , 40 ].…”