The first vs. second stage of neolithisation in Polish territories (to say nothing of the third?)

Abstract

The origins of the Neolithic in Polish territories are associated with migrations of groups of the Linear Band Pottery culture (LBK) after the mid-6th millennium BC. Communities of this culture only settled in enclaves distinguished by ecological conditions favourable to farming (‘LBK neolithisation’). This situation persisted into the 5th millennium BC, when these enclaves were inhabited by post-Linear groups. This state of affairs changed from c. 4000 BC onwards due to the formation and spectacular territorial expansion of the Funnel Beaker culture (TRB). In the territories under consideration this expansion covered the areas previously inhabited by both hunter-gatherers (‘TRB neolithisation’) and farmers. Some of the Late Mesolithic hunter-gatherers did not accept TRB patterns. They successfully carried on their traditional lifestyle until the Early Bronze Age although some changes in their material culture are visible (including ‘ceramisation’).

Middle Neolithic agricultural and land-use models in southern Poland: A case-study of the long-term settlement in Mozgawa

“…It is considered that it was formed as a consequence of complex interactions between post-Linear farming groups and still existing hunter-gatherers (e.g. Kabaciński et al, 2015; Klassen, 2004; Nowak, 2009, 2019; Sørensen, 2014a, 2014b; Terberger et al, 2018). By the end of the first half of the fourth millennium, this cultural model finally replaced the last post-Linear communities as well as comprised also territories settled so far by hunter-gatherers.…”