“…The p-value and t-value are not significant, mainly because changes in each class tend to vary in area, for instance, the dynamic nature of forest and cropland every 10 years, while other classes exhibit relatively smaller changes. Despite being statistically insignificant, analyzing the dynamics of LULC changes is imperative as they are intricately linked to spatial planning policies, disaster mitigation strategies, and environmental carrying capacity [ [47] , [48] , [49] ].…”