The floral biology ofThelymitra epipactoides (Orchidaceae), and the implications of pollination by deceit on the survival of this rare orchid

Cropper, SC; Calder, D. M.

doi:10.1007/bf00937846

Cited by 45 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This was confirmed by the field studies of Dafni and Calder (1987). Thelymitra crinita and T. macrophylla now join a small, but increasing number of populations of large-flowered Thelymitra species that fail to self-pollinate when pollinators fail to arrive (Cropper and Calder 1990;Sydes and Calder 1993). Based on our glasshouse experiments, both T. crinita and T. macrophylla should be classified as self-compatible.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…Remnants of the pollinia were found, once again, on the dorsum of the bees' abdomen. Similar observations, collections, and abdominal depositions of pollinaria were found on bees collected on large-flowered T. antennifera (Dafni and Calder 1987), T. epipactoides (Cropper and Calder 1990), and T. ixioides (Sydes and Calder 1993). The dominant pollinators of all three species were female, native, and polylectic bees in families Apidae and Halictidae.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Insects carrying pollinaria on their abdomens were all female bees that clasped the mitra but their visits were, at best, dismally infrequent (Bernhardt and Burns-Balogh 1986;Sydes and Calder 1993). Cropper and Calder (1990) suggested that the infrequent visits of female Nomia species to T. epipactoides provided an explanation of why this orchid was so rare. However, our populations of T. crinita and T. macrophylla were common in situ (Brown et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral biology of large-flowered Thelymitra species (Orchidaceae) and their hybrids in Western Australia

Edens-Meier¹,

Westhus²,

Bernhardt³

2013

Telopea

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Historically, only a few large flowered species in the genus Thelymitra were identified as obligate out-breeders. We compared floral presentation, pollen-pistil interactions, pollination ecology, and interspecific hybridization in two populations of T. macrophylla where its flowering periods overlapped with T. antennifera (Tenterden) and T. crinita (Lesmurdie) respectively. Pollen-pistil interactions were studied using glasshouse collections of T. crinita and T. macrophylla at KPBG. The number of flowers per inflorescence in T. macrophylla varied significantly between sites. Climatic conditions influenced flower opening and closing regimes differently in T. crinita vs. T. macrophylla. While all three Thelymitra species opened on warm, sunny mornings and closed by late afternoon, T. crinita at Lesmurdie was significantly more likely to open its perianth segments on cool days compared to the co-blooming, sympatric flowers of T. macrophylla. The floral lifespans of individual flowers of T. macrophylla and T. crinita were reduced significantly following application of Thelymitra pollen onto the stigmatic surface but were not reduced by pollinarium removal. Flowers of both species were self-compatible but neither species self-pollinated mechanically (autogamy). Fluorescence microscopy also showed that both species were inter-compatible. Natural rates of pollinarium removal by insects were low in all three species at both sites. Natural rates of pollen deposition on receptive stigmas were significantly higher in T. crinita vs. T. macrophylla but pollen deposition was less than 12% in both species. Observations and collections of pollinators were infrequent and pollinaria vectors were restricted to a few polylectic, female bees in the families Apidae, Colletidae, and Halictidae. We found a large number of hybrids between T. antennifera and T. macrophylla at Tenterden but few obvious hybrids between T. crinita and T. macrophylla at Lesmurdie. As expected, all hybrids showed characteristics intermediate between their two putative parent species, including pollen configuration in the T. crinita × T. macrophylla specimens. Due to malformations of the column, the majority of T. antennifera × T. macrophylla flowers appeared unable to attach their pollinia to their respective rostella.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Floral biology of large-flowered Thelymitra species (Orchidaceae) and their hybrids in Western Australia

Edens-Meier¹,

Westhus²,

Bernhardt³

2013

Telopea

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“…Orchid species are unusual in that high levels of corolla-color variability have been recorded within many species (6)(7)(8)(9). These variable species also are known not to produce a reward for their pollinators, either through nectar or pollen (10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Negative frequency-dependent selection maintains a dramatic flower color polymorphism in the rewardless orchid Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soò

Gigord

Macnair²,

Smithson³

2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

334

279

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The orchid Dactylorhiza sambucina shows a stable and dramatic flower-color polymorphism, with both yellow-and purple-flowered individuals present in natural populations throughout the range of the species in Europe. The evolutionary significance of flower-color polymorphisms found in many rewardless orchid species has been discussed at length, but the mechanisms responsible for their maintenance remain unclear. Laboratory experiments have suggested that behavioral responses by pollinators to lack of reward availability might result in a reproductive advantage for rare-color morphs. Consequently, we performed an experiment varying the relative frequency of the two color morphs of D. sambucina to test whether rare morph advantage acted in the natural habitat of the species. We show here clear evidence from this manipulative experiment that rare-color morphs have reproductive advantage through male and female components. This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that negative frequency-dependent selection through pollinator preference for rare morphs can cause the maintenance of a flower-color polymorphism.

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“…Chamaescilla lacks hairy filaments and has large pollen indicating that buzz pollination may have been lost, but blue flower colour is considered to be a feature of bee pollination (Kevan 1983). A pollination study of the orchid Thelymitra epipactoides Mueller (1866: 174) found multiple Chamaescilla pollen grains on the orchid stigma, which was pollinated by several native bees (Cropper & Calder 1990), indicating that bees serve as a vector for dispersal of Chamaescilla pollen. The loss of specific buzz pollination traits in Chamaescilla may indicate a change to a more general pollination syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new family placement for Australian blue squill, Chamaescilla: Xanthorrhoeaceae (Hemerocallidoideae), not Asparagaceae

McLay

Bayly

2016

Phytotaxa

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Chamaescilla is an endemic Australian genus, currently placed in the Asparagaceae, alongside other Australian endemic taxa in the tribe Lomandroideae. A recent molecular phylogeny indicated a relationship with another partly Australian family, the Xanthorrhoeaceae, but was not commented on by the authors. Here we added DNA sequence data for a single Chamaescilla specimen to an alignment representing all families in the Asparagales and performed parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Chamaescilla was strongly resolved as belonging to Xanthorrhoeaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, alongside two non-Australian members, Simethis and Hemerocallis in the hemerocallid clade. This position is corroborated by morphological characters, including pollen grain shape. We also produced an age-calibrated phylogeny and infer that the geographic distribution of the clade is the result of long distance dispersal between the Eocene and Miocene.

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The floral biology ofThelymitra epipactoides (Orchidaceae), and the implications of pollination by deceit on the survival of this rare orchid

Cited by 45 publications

References 18 publications

Floral biology of large-flowered Thelymitra species (Orchidaceae) and their hybrids in Western Australia

Floral biology of large-flowered Thelymitra species (Orchidaceae) and their hybrids in Western Australia

Negative frequency-dependent selection maintains a dramatic flower color polymorphism in the rewardless orchid Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soò

A new family placement for Australian blue squill, Chamaescilla: Xanthorrhoeaceae (Hemerocallidoideae), not Asparagaceae

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