The Flowering Integrator FT RegulatesSEPALLATA3andFRUITFULLAccumulation inArabidopsisLeaves

Teper‐Bamnolker, Paula; Samach, Alon

doi:10.1105/tpc.105.035766

Cited by 211 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The ft-1 mutants flower late only in long days, whereas the 35S:FT transgene triggers an extremely early and photoperiodindependent flowering in wild type 19,20 . The soc1 and ful single mutations slightly delayed the strong early flowering in 35S:FT plants 21,22 (Table 1). Despite the very early flowering of 35S:FT soc1-3 and 35S:FT ful-2 plants, they showed a markedly increased longevity and produced through reiteration of growth many short determinate co-inflorescences, particularly in short days (Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 98%

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2008

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Plants have evolved annual and perennial life forms as alternative strategies to adapt reproduction and survival to environmental constraints. In isolated situations, such as islands, woody perennials have evolved repeatedly from annual ancestors 1 . Although the molecular basis of the rapid evolution of insular woodiness is unknown, the molecular difference between perennials and annuals might be rather small, and a change between these life strategies might not require major genetic innovations 2,3 . Developmental regulators can strongly affect evolutionary variation 4 and genes involved in meristem transitions are good candidates for a switch in growth habit. We found that the MADS box proteins SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 (SOC1) and FRUITFULL (FUL) not only control flowering time, but also affect determinacy of all meristems. In addition, downregulation of both proteins established phenotypes common to the lifestyle of perennial plants, suggesting their involvement in the prevention of secondary growth and longevity in annual life forms.Plant growth originates from a small number of undifferentiated cells called meristems. Primary meristems are established during embryogenesis and form primary tissues from which all plant organs develop. Secondary meristems, such as axillary meristems and the cambium, originate within primary tissues. Meristems can be determinate-that is, consumed for the formation of an organ-or indeterminate, meaning that they are active throughout the life span of a plant. Upon floral induction in annual plants, vegetative shoot meristems undergo the transition to inflorescence meristems. These inflorescence meristems will remain indeterminate for some time to generate determinate floral meristems giving rise to flowers. Finally, all meristems are consumed and the plants die in the same growing season. In contrast, perennial plants have evolved more elaborate life strategies to survive harsh environmental conditions for many years by forming perennial structures such as overwintering buds, bulbs or tubers, which contain at least one indeterminate meristem for the outgrowth in the next season 2 . Often, perennial plants incorporate enormous amounts of long-lived and eventually dead biomass (wood) through cambial activity (secondary growth).Arabidopsis thaliana is a small annual herb in which floral induction is controlled by different flowering-time pathways. These pathways depend on environmental cues, such as day length (photoperiod) and vernalization (cold temperature), or on plant age. Arabidopsis is a facultative long-day plant that flowers much faster under long (16 h/day) than short (8 h/day) light periods. After perceiving flowering-inducing long days, the key regulator of the photoperiodic pathway, CONSTANS (CO), activates FT (FLOWERING LOCUS T) in the leaf vasculature. The FT protein is transported to apical meristems, where it triggers the floral transition 5 . SOC1 (AGL20) and FUL (AGL8) are MADS box genes acting downstream of FT in apical meristems, but they are ...

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Section: E T T E R Smentioning

confidence: 98%

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2008

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“…Other genes that show altered expression during early development but are not bound by the VRN1 protein might be indirectly regulated by increased activity of the VRN1 gene. For example, the expression of Barley MADS3, an APETALA-like (AP1) MADS box gene, is possibly activated by increased FT1 activity, since FT-like genes are known to activate the expression of AP1-like MADS box genes that play critical roles during later stages inflorescence development in cereal 44,45 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

et al. 2015

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Transcription of the VERNALIZATION1 gene (VRN1) is induced by prolonged cold (vernalization) to trigger flowering of cereal crops, such as wheat and barley. VRN1 encodes a MADS box transcription factor that promotes flowering by regulating the expression of other genes. Here we use transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) to identify direct targets of VRN1. Over 500 genomic regions were identified as potential VRN1-binding targets by ChIP-seq. VRN1 binds the promoter of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like 1, a promoter of flowering in vernalized plants. VRN1 also targets VERNALIZATION2 and ODDSOC2, repressors of flowering that are downregulated in vernalized plants. RNA-seq identified additional VRN1 targets that might play roles in triggering flowering. Other targets of VRN1 include genes that play central roles in low-temperature-induced freezing tolerance, spike architecture and hormone metabolism. This provides evidence for direct regulatory links between the vernalization response pathway and other important traits in cereal crops.

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“…This indicates that VEG1 acts downstream of VEG2 and GIGAS and suggests that they participate in the activation of VEG1 expression. This seems particularly likely for GIGAS 16 , in view of the fact that its Arabidopsis homologue FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a direct activator of the floral identity genes AP1 and FUL [32][33][34][35] , which are MADS-box genes from the same lineage as VEG1 (Supplementary Fig. S3).…”

Section: Veg1 Is Required To Make Secondary Inflorescencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

VEGETATIVE1 is essential for development of the compound inflorescence in pea

et al. 2012

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unravelling the basis of variation in inflorescence architecture is important to understanding how the huge diversity in plant form has been generated. Inflorescences are divided between simple, as in Arabidopsis, with flowers directly formed at the main primary inflorescence axis, and compound, as in legumes, where they are formed at secondary or even higher order axes. The formation of secondary inflorescences predicts a novel genetic function in the development of the compound inflorescences. Here we show that in pea this function is controlled by VEGETATIVE1 (VEG1), whose mutation replaces secondary inflorescences by vegetative branches. We identify VEG1 as an AGL79-like mADs-box gene that specifies secondary inflorescence meristem identity. VEG1 misexpression in meristem identity mutants causes ectopic secondary inflorescence formation, suggesting a model for compound inflorescence development based on antagonistic interactions between VEG1 and genes conferring primary inflorescence and floral identity. our study defines a novel mechanism to generate inflorescence complexity.

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The Flowering Integrator FT RegulatesSEPALLATA3andFRUITFULLAccumulation inArabidopsisLeaves

Cited by 211 publications

References 56 publications

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

Flowering-time genes modulate meristem determinacy and growth form in Arabidopsis thaliana

Direct links between the vernalization response and other key traits of cereal crops

VEGETATIVE1 is essential for development of the compound inflorescence in pea

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