The FLUKA code: an overview

Ballarini, F.; Battistoni, G.; Campanella, M.; Carboni, M.; Cerutti, F.; Empl, A.; Fassó, A.; Ferrari, A.; Gadioli, E.; Garzelli, Maria Vittoria; Lantz, Mattias; Liotta, M.; Mairani, A.; Mostacci, A.; Muraro, S.; Ottolenghi, A.; Pelliccioni, M.; Pinsky, L.; Ranft, J.; Roesler, S.; Sala, P.; Scannicchio, D.; Trovati, Stefania; Villari, R.; Wilson, Thomas L.; Zapp, N.; Vlachoudis, V.

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/41/1/014

Cited by 34 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The saturated IP signal in the case of the laser irradiation of foams (sh. 31,34,38,44), which was regularly detected in the IP-region with electron energies below 1 MeV, is probably caused by a strongly increased amount of laser accelerated electrons with E>6-8 MeV. These electrons having a large stopping range, penetrated directly the 5 mm thick front iron-wall of the electron spectrometer and were deflected by magnetic field in accordance with their final energy.…”

Section: Electron Spectramentioning

confidence: 95%

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Interaction of relativistically intense laser pulses with long-scale near critical plasmas for optimization of laser based sources of MeV electrons and gamma-rays

et al. 2019

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Experiments were performed to study electron acceleration by intense sub-picosecond laser pulses propagating in sub-mm long plasmas of near critical electron density (NCD). Low density foam layers of 300-500 μm thickness were used as targets. In foams, the NCD-plasma was produced by a mechanism of super-sonic ionization when a well-defined separate ns-pulse was sent onto the foamtarget forerunning the relativistic main pulse. The application of sub-mm thick low density foam layers provided a substantial increase of the electron acceleration path in a NCD-plasma compared to the case of freely expanding plasmas created in the interaction of the ns-laser pulse with solid foils. The performed experiments on the electron heating by a 100 J, 750 fs short laser pulse of 2-5×10 19 W cm −2 intensity demonstrated that the effective temperature of supra-thermal electrons increased from 1.5-2 MeV in the case of the relativistic laser interaction with a metallic foil at high laser contrast up to 13 MeV for the laser shots onto the pre-ionized foam. The observed tendency towards a strong increase of the mean electron energy and the number of ultra-relativistic laseraccelerated electrons is reinforced by the results of gamma-yield measurements that showed a 1000fold increase of the measured doses. The experiment was supported by 3D-PIC and FLUKA simulations, which considered the laser parameters and the geometry of the experimental set-up. Both, measurements and simulations showed a high directionality of the acceleration process, since the strongest increase in the electron energy, charge and corresponding gamma-yield was observed close to the direction of the laser pulse propagation. The charge of super-ponderomotive electrons with energy above 30 MeV reached a very high value of 78 nC.

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Section: Electron Spectramentioning

confidence: 95%

“…27), and onto 300 and 500 μm thick CHO-foam targets (sh. 31,34,38,44) pre-ionized by the nspulse are presented in figure 4. The signals measured by the electron spectrometer ES1 placed 18°to the laser pulse propagation direction are shown on the left side of figure 4 and those measured by ES2 under 44°on the right side of figure 4.…”

Section: Electron Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of relativistically intense laser pulses with long-scale near critical plasmas for optimization of laser based sources of MeV electrons and gamma-rays

et al. 2019

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“…Popular MC methods in this field are Geant4, 14 FLUKA (fluctuating cascade), 15 EGS (electron gamma shower), 16 MCNP (Monte Carlo N-particle code) 17 and PENELOPE (penetration and energy loss of positrons and electrons in matter). 9,18 In this article, Geant4 was used to derive all necessary dosimetric data for the new 32 P source.…”

Section: Dose Calculation Formalismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monte Carlo dosimetric parameter study of a new³²P brachytherapy source

Huang

Long

et al. 2016

BJR

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Objective: Recently, a new catheter-based 32 P brachytherapy source has been developed (College of Chemistry, Sichuan University) for use in high-dose-rate afterloader. This study presents the results of the dosimetric data of the Geant4 Monte Carlo (MC) simulation toolkit for this new 32 P brachytherapy source. Methods: The new 32 P source had dimensions of 0.50-cm length and 0.08-cm diameter and was encapsulated in teflon. In this study, we attempted to obtain dosimetric data for this new source, as required by the formalism proposed by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine reports TG60 and TG149. The source was located in a 30-cm radius theoretical sphere water phantom, and the absorbed dose of the source was calculated using MC code. Results: The dosimetric data included the reference absorbed dose rate, the radial dose function in the range of 0.10-0.50 cm at a longitudinal axis, the polynomial function for the radial dose function and the anisotropy function with a u value of 0-90°in 5°intervals and an r of 0.10-0.35 cm in 0.01-cm intervals. The radial and axial dose profiles and away-along quality assurance table are also calculated for the unsheathed 32 P source. The dose rate D (r 0 ,u 0 ) at the reference point for the unsheathed 32 P source is determined to be equal to 1.2660 6 0.0006 cGy s 21 mCi. The radial dose function of the new 32 P source shows good agreement with the other 32 P source presented in this work with an average difference of 1.78%. Conclusion: Dosimetric data are provided for the new 32 P source. These data could be used in treatment-planning systems in clinical practice. Advances in knowledge: Provided a new beta-emitting brachytherapy source that is intended for treatment of liver cancer. A dosimetric study of the unsheathed 32 P source for which no published dosimetric data existed was performed. INTRODUCTIONAt present, more and more beta-emitting sources are utilized in brachytherapy fields, and many new types of brachytherapy sources are available. Two applications of beta-emitting brachytherapy sources have been proposed: (a) in intravascular brachytherapy-the dosimetric parameters of a 90 Sr/ 90 Y source were calculated by Holmes et al 1 using an experimental method. Soares et al 2 obtained a radial dose function and an anisotropy function from their measurements of an old 90 Sr/ 90 Y source in A150 plastic, and these authors also presented the Monte Carlo (MC) results of these dosimetric parameters. (b) In radiotherapy for localized tumours-the 32 P source model RIC-100 (developed by RI consultant) has been used for temporary radiation therapy of the spinal dura and other localized tumours, and dosimetric evaluations have been applied to the source with an MCNP5 (Monte Carlo

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“…However, the current through the focusing horns and the relative positions of the horns and target are variable, allowing the energy of the beam peak to be varied to as high as 10 GeV. This feature has enabled MINOS to study and understand the beam in detail [33], improving the simulation of the beam beyond the raw Fluka [34] and GEANT [35,36] Monte Carlos and significantly reducing the systematic uncertainty from the modeling of the neutrino flux.…”

Section: The Minos Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The MINOS Experiment: Results and Prospects

Evans

2013

Advances in High Energy Physics

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The MINOS experiment has used the world's most powerful neutrino beam to make precision neutrino oscillation measurements. By observing the disappearance of muon neutrinos, MINOS has made the world's most precise measurement of the larger neutrino mass splitting and has measured the neutrino mixing angle 23 . Using a dedicated antineutrino beam, MINOS has made the first direct precision measurements of the corresponding antineutrino parameters. A search for ] and ] appearance has enabled a measurement of the mixing angle 13 . A measurement of the neutral-current interaction rate has confirmed oscillation between three active neutrino flavours. MINOS will continue as MINOS+ in an upgraded beam with higher energy and intensity, allowing precision tests of the three-flavour neutrino oscillation picture, in particular a very sensitive search for the existence of sterile neutrinos.

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The FLUKA code: an overview

Cited by 34 publications

References 21 publications

Interaction of relativistically intense laser pulses with long-scale near critical plasmas for optimization of laser based sources of MeV electrons and gamma-rays

Interaction of relativistically intense laser pulses with long-scale near critical plasmas for optimization of laser based sources of MeV electrons and gamma-rays

Monte Carlo dosimetric parameter study of a new³²P brachytherapy source

The MINOS Experiment: Results and Prospects

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The FLUKA code: an overview

Cited by 34 publications

References 21 publications

Interaction of relativistically intense laser pulses with long-scale near critical plasmas for optimization of laser based sources of MeV electrons and gamma-rays

Interaction of relativistically intense laser pulses with long-scale near critical plasmas for optimization of laser based sources of MeV electrons and gamma-rays

Monte Carlo dosimetric parameter study of a new32P brachytherapy source

The MINOS Experiment: Results and Prospects

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Monte Carlo dosimetric parameter study of a new³²P brachytherapy source