The Form and Abandonment of the City of Kuik-Mardan, Otrar Oasis, Kazakhstan in the Early Islamic Period

Dawkes, Giles; Toonen, W.H.J.; Macklin, Mark G.; Jorayev, Gaygysyz

doi:10.1558/jia.37961

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The scientific literature (Otarov et al, 2018;Laiskhanov et al, 2016) is also known as the "Shauldyr irrigated massif." This massif was one of the oldest farming areas and the ancient city of Otrar, located in the massif, was one of the centers of science and culture along the Silk Road before its conquest and destruction by Genghis Khan (Dawkes et al, 2019).…”

Section: Research Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Effects of Soil Salinity on the Growth and Development of Maize (Zea Mays L.) by using Sentinel-2 Imagery

Laiskhanov¹,

Kaimuldinova²,

Myrzaly³

et al. 2022

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

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Salinization of soil cover and the constant increase in their area have become one of the most pressing problems year after year for irrigated agriculture regions. The degradation processes caused by the salinity of soils negatively affect the growth and development of food crops. Therefore, this study focused on the effects of soil salinity in the midstream of the Syrdarya on the growth and development of maize where the climate is continental and mostly arid, and the cultivation of crops is possible under irrigation conditions. The study made harmonious use of remote sensing and field survey methods based on modern and traditional approaches in terms of time and space. Based on Sentinel-2 satellite images, regression analysis was carried out to determine the dependency of vegetation indices on soil electronegativity and maize biomass from 73 sampling points in the representative area. As a result, in the study of the growth and development of maize, it was found that the dependence of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) on maize biomass within 18 vegetation indices was "high" (R2 = 0.76) in spring. The dynamics of maize biomass grown on soils of different salinity levels were developed. NDVI dynamics, which covers the entire growth phases of corn, showed that compared to corn grown in unsalted soils, it slows down the growth of corn in slightly saline soils-up to 11 days, in moderately saline soils -35 days, and in heavily (highly) saline soils -45 days. Characterization of soil salinity and other factors having a positive and negative influence on the growth and development of maize yield in the studied object is also given.

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Section: Research Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of the Effects of Soil Salinity on the Growth and Development of Maize (Zea Mays L.) by using Sentinel-2 Imagery

Laiskhanov¹,

Kaimuldinova²,

Myrzaly³

et al. 2022

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

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“…Fortified settlements are located at the bifurcations of principal feeder canals (Fig. 2G), presumably for regulation and protection (21). Otr ar was the administrative center; the fortified city covered an area of ∼0.2 km 2 and stood 18 m above the surrounding urban development (Fig.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…4). Despite the documented destruction of settlements (21,44), many sites in the Otr ar oasis persisted until the droughtrelated contraction in the ninth century. The Mongol invasion and destruction of Otr ar in 1219 CE, however, came after more than 200 y of reducing rainfall, with evidence of large-scale canal abandonment.…”

Section: A Hydromorphic and Hydroclimatological Perspective On The Growth And Decline Of The Otr Ar Oasismentioning

confidence: 99%

A hydromorphic reevaluation of the forgotten river civilizations of Central Asia

Toonen

Macklin

Dawkes

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The Aral Sea basin in Central Asia and its major rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, were the center of advanced river civilizations, and a principal hub of the Silk Roads over a period of more than 2,000 y. The region’s decline has been traditionally attributed to the devastating Mongol invasion of the early-13th century CE. However, the role of changing hydroclimatic conditions on the development of these culturally influential potamic societies has not been the subject of modern geoarchaeological investigations. In this paper we report the findings of an interdisciplinary investigation of archaeological sites and associated irrigation canals of the Otrār oasis, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage site located at the confluence of the Syr Darya and Arys rivers in southern Kazakhstan. This includes radiometric dating of irrigation canal abandonment and an investigation of Arys river channel dynamics. Major phases of fluvial aggradation, between the seventh and early ninth century CE and between 1350 and 1550 CE coincide with economic flourishing of the oasis, facilitated by wet climatic conditions and higher river flows that favored floodwater farming. Periods of abandonment of the irrigation network and cultural decline primarily correlate with fluvial entrenchment during periods of drought, instead of being related to destructive invasions. Therefore, it seems the great rivers of Central Asia were not just static “stage sets” for some of the turning points of world history, but in many instances, inadvertently or directly shaped the final outcomes and legacies of imperial ambitions in the region.

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The Form and Abandonment of the City of Kuik-Mardan, Otrar Oasis, Kazakhstan in the Early Islamic Period

Cited by 2 publications

References 9 publications

A Study of the Effects of Soil Salinity on the Growth and Development of Maize (Zea Mays L.) by using Sentinel-2 Imagery

A Study of the Effects of Soil Salinity on the Growth and Development of Maize (Zea Mays L.) by using Sentinel-2 Imagery

A hydromorphic reevaluation of the forgotten river civilizations of Central Asia

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