The Form and Magnitude of the Electrical Response of the Eye to Stimulation by Light at Various Intensities

Abstract

I The research was performed during the tenure by one of us (W. A. J.) of a Carnegie Research Fellowship of the University of Edinburgh. 2 "Method at objektivera effekten af ljusintryck po retina," Upsala Lakareforenings

Simultaneous <em>ex vivo</em> Functional Testing of Two Retinas by <em>in vivo</em> Electroretinogram System

“…The first ERG signal was recorded in 1865 by Holmgren from the surface of a fish eye 1 . Einthoven and Jolly 1908 2 divided the ERG response to the onset of light into three different waves, called a-, b-, and c-waves, that are now known to reflect mainly the activity of photoreceptors, ON bipolar cells, and pigment epithelium cells, respectively 3–8 . ERG can be recorded from the eyes of anesthetized animals or humans ( in vivo ), from isolated eye preparation 9 , across isolated intact retina ( ex vivo ) 3,10–15 or across specific retina layers with microelectrodes (local ERG) 4,16 .…”

The Character of the B-Wave in the Human Electroretinogram

“…The fashion of referring to the various parts of the response by letter dates from 1908, when Einthoven and Jolly 35 presented their historic analysis. They show records from the frog eye, responses to lights varying in intensity and in duration.…”

The Electrocardiogram 100 Years Later

“…5 Yet, during this period, electrocardiography was not only advancing, but exploration of its possibilities ushered in vectorcardiography, 6 phonocardiography, 7 and application to other organ systems that emit electrical signals. 8 Moreover, electrocardiography has remained a centerpiece of clinical and investigative cardiology since its invention. For example, although nothing might be further from the interests of molecular biologists and geneticists than to register and interpret ECGs, those using mouse models to genetically manipulate cardiac proteins 9 find the ECG a prime tool in their armamentarium.…”