The Form of an Antigen and Its Molecular Context Do Matter: Infectious versus Attenuated Plasmodium Sporozoites

Infectious sporozoite challenge modulates radiation attenuated sporozoite vaccine–induced memory CD8+T cells for better survival characteristics

“…Therefore, we compared the TM cells of mice in both immune and challenge groups for their survival signals. We measured survival and death signals in terms of Bcl‐2 expression (an anti‐apoptotic molecule) 34 and Annexin‐V reactivity (a proapoptotic factor), and homeostatic proliferation potential by Ki‐67 expression in cells 9,10 …”

“…We measured survival and death signals in terms of Bcl-2 expression (an anti-apoptotic molecule) 34 and Annexin-V reactivity (a proapoptotic factor), and homeostatic proliferation potential by Ki-67 expression in cells. 9,10 We found that the TM population in the challenge group mice had a lower frequency of Annexin-V-reactive cells compared with the immune group mice (P < 0.05; Figure 2a, ii). The reduced frequency of Annexin-V Hi cells following an infectious SPZ challenge in the liver depicts a significant reduction in the death signals.…”

“…[5][6][7] Interestingly, an intermittent infectious sporozoite (SPZ) challenge to RAS-vaccinated mice has been shown to lengthen the protection period beyond 18 months. 6,[8][9][10][11][12] Therefore, studying the changes that infectious SPZ brought in RAS vaccine-induced CD8 + T cells would be important for designing an effective malaria vaccine.…”