The Formation of Heartwood and Its Extractives

Hillis, W. E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4689-4_9

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 102 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Williams (2010) found that wide, prominent bands of latewood are characteristic of southern yellow pines. Tracheids in sapwood were less thick than tracheids in heartwood (Figure 3a, Figure 3b, Table 2) which is among others, due to extractive encrustation that occurs during heartwood formation (Hillis 1999). In general, it can be observed that the thickness of latewood tracheids was 1,5 times greater than the thickness of earlywood tracheids.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood and latewood of yellow pine

Mankowski

Laskowska

2021

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood and latewood from the yellow pine sapwood and heartwood areas was examined in the study. The structure of the basic anatomical elements of wood tracheids, which conduct water and/or perform the mechanical function -was also characterized. The compressive strength parallel to grain of latewood in the sapwood area was found to be twice as high as the compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood. The compressive strength parallel to grain of latewood in the heartwood area, on the other hand, was found to be 2,5 times higher than the compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood. This was due to the density of particular areas of wood and the dimensions of structural elements -tracheids. In the sapwood area, the density of latewood was ca. twice as high as the density of earlywood. Similar relationships were found for heartwood. The thickness of latewood tracheids was found to be 1,5 times greater than the thickness of earlywood tracheids. These relationships were observed in sapwood and heartwood. The diameter of earlywood tracheids in radial direction was twice as large as the diameter of latewood tracheids. These relationships were observed in yellow pine sapwood and heartwood.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Tracheids in sapwood had a greater diameter than tracheids in heartwood (Table 2). The heartwood formation involves a number of physiological, anatomical, cellular, and chemical changes (Hillis 1999). Heartwood plays a mechanical role mainly.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood and latewood of yellow pine

Mankowski

Laskowska

2021

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is well documented that trees that are high in various extractives containing polyphenolic compounds are able to tolerate harsh environmental factors (Hillis 1987 , 1999 ; Kirker et al 2013 ; Taylor et al 2002 ). Most woods from trees in the tropics are known to be extractive-rich and appear to resist brown and white rot fungal decay to varying degrees (Bultman and Southwell 1976 ; Carneiro et al 2009 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diverse Xylaria in the Ecuadorian Amazon and their mode of wood degradation

Rajtar,

Kielsmeier-Cook,

Held

et al. 2023

Bot Stud

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Xylaria is a diverse and ecologically important genus in the Ascomycota. This paper describes the xylariaceous fungi present in an Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest and investigates the decay potential of selected Xylaria species. Fungi were collected at Yasuní National Park, Ecuador during two collection trips to a single hectare plot divided into a 10-m by 10-m grid, providing 121 collection points. All Xylaria fruiting bodies found within a 1.2-m radius of each grid point were collected. Dried fruiting bodies were used for culturing and the internal transcribed spacer region was sequenced to identify Xylaria samples to species level. Agar microcosms were used to assess the decay potential of three selected species, two unknown species referred to as Xylaria 1 and Xylaria 2 and Xylaria curta, on four different types of wood from trees growing in Ecuador including balsa (Ochroma pyramidale), melina (Gmelina arborea), saman (Samanea saman), and moral (Chlorophora tinctoria). ANOVA and post-hoc comparisons were used to test for differences in biomass lost between wood blocks inoculated with Xylaria and uninoculated control blocks. Scanning electron micrographs of transverse sections of each wood and assay fungus were used to assess the type of degradation present. Results 210 Xylaria collections were sequenced, with 106 collections belonging to 60 taxa that were unknown species, all with less than 97% match to NCBI reference sequences. Xylaria with sequence matches of 97% or greater included X. aff. comosa (28 isolates), X. cuneata (9 isolates) X. curta and X. oligotoma (7 isolates), and X. apiculta (6 isolates)., All Xylaria species tested were able to cause type 1 or type 2 soft rot degradation in the four wood types and significant biomass loss was observed compared to the uninoculated controls. Balsa and melina woods had the greatest amount of biomass loss, with as much as 60% and 25% lost, respectively, compared to the controls. Conclusions Xylaria species were found in extraordinary abundance in the Ecuadorian rainforest studied. Our study demonstrated that the Xylaria species tested can cause a soft rot type of wood decay and with the significant amount of biomass loss that occurred within a short incubation time, it indicates these fungi likely play a significant role in nutrient cycling in the Amazonian rainforest.

show abstract

“…When trees grow to a certain age, heartwood forms in the interior of the xylem. However, the mechanism of heartwood formation has not been determined yet, and two widely accepted hypotheses involve the physiological function transformation of parenchyma cells and the accumulation of extracts [ 10 , 11 ]. The transformation from sapwood to heartwood is an extremely complex process that leads to a series of physiological and biochemical changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabonomics Analysis of Stem Extracts from Dalbergia sissoo

Liu

Wang

et al. 2022

Molecules

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dalbergia sissoo is a woody plant with economic and medicinal value. As the pharmacological qualities and properties of the wood from this plant primarily depend on its extractives, in this study, the metabolomic analysis of extractives from its stems was carried out using UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 735 metabolites were detected from two groups of samples, heartwood and sapwood, with the largest number of terpenoids in type and the largest number of flavonoids in quantity. The PCA and cluster analysis showed significant differences in the metabolite composition between the two groups. The differential metabolites were mainly organic oxygen compounds, flavonoids, and isoflavones. Among the 105 differential metabolites, 26 metabolites were significantly higher in relative content in sapwood than in heartwood, while the other 79 metabolites were significantly higher in relative content in heartwood than in sapwood. KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed that these differential metabolites were mainly enriched in three metabolic pathways: Flavonoid biosynthesis, isoflavonoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis. This study provides a reference for metabolomics studies in Dalbergia and other woody plants.

show abstract

The Formation of Heartwood and Its Extractives

Cited by 9 publications

References 102 publications

Compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood and latewood of yellow pine

Compressive strength parallel to grain of earlywood and latewood of yellow pine

Diverse Xylaria in the Ecuadorian Amazon and their mode of wood degradation

Metabonomics Analysis of Stem Extracts from Dalbergia sissoo

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About