The Formation of National Party Systems

The disadvantaged incumbents: estimating incumbency effects in Indian state legislatures

“…For example, in India, the top-level leadership of the party (or the party high command) decides whom to nominate for elections (Kochanek 1968, Chhibber 2004. The incumbents who survive multiple terms and retire are likely to be of higher quality.…”

Decentralization and Party Organizational Change: The Case of Italy

“…As a result, there is a growing literature seeking to document and explain the ways in which political parties adapt to decentralizing institutional change (see for example Hopkin 2003, Chhibber and Kollman 2004, Deschouwer 2006, Thorlakson forthcoming, van Houten forthcoming). Our theoretical expectations are derived from this literature, which in the most basic sense envisages party organizations responding to decentralization of the state by decentralizing some of their own internal structures.…”

“…For these reasons, the formal distribution of power within parties tends to reflect the distribution of electoral resources and control over public office. This argument has been taken still further by Chhibber and Kollman (2004), who argue that the party system itself is likely to change as a result of decentralizing reforms, because regionally-based parties become more viable.…”

Continuidades e descontinuidades da Federação Brasileira: de como 1988 facilitou 1995

“…Ao longo do século XX, algumas federações -tais como a Austrália e os Estados Unidos -ampliaram a margem de autoridade do governo central sobre os governos subnacionais (Castles e Uhr, 2005;Chibber e Kollman, 2004;Pierson, 2007). Ou-tras -tais como a Áustria, a Índia e a Alemanha -já nasceram centralizadas (Chibber e Kollman, 2004;Manow, 2005;.…”

“…Ou-tras -tais como a Áustria, a Índia e a Alemanha -já nasceram centralizadas (Chibber e Kollman, 2004;Manow, 2005;. Nesses casos, a centralização é explicada por contextos excepcionais -tais como guerra ou ameaça de guerra, recessão econômica, construção do Estado nacional ou desenvolvimento do Estado de Bem-Estar (Chibber e Kollman, 2004:227;) -, que criaram condições propícias para que as elites centralizadoras reduzissem as proteções institucionais das unidades constituintes.…”