The free radical mechanism of nitration

Titov, A.I.

doi:10.1016/s0040-4020(01)98544-8

Cited by 77 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The interaction of hydrocarbons with nitric acid has been much studied [6]. The active agent has been shown to be nitrogen dioxide and reaction to proceed by H .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate-based composites

1989

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To evaluate the thermal stability of ammonium nitrate-water-in-oil emulsions, the thermal decomposition kinetics and resultant products were examined. As a baseline, the thermal stability of ammonium nitrate with individual components of the emulsion was determined. Only mineral oil had any effect on the decomposition. Generally, ammonium nitrate mixed with hydrocarbons has enhanced thermal stability. However, ammonium nitrate mixed, rather than emulsified, with mineral oil can decompose along a lower energy pathway than pure ammonium nitrate. The extent of decomposition along that pathway is not large before the decomposition process results in emulsification of the ammonium nitrate and, thus, in termination of that pathway. Mineral oil appears to be unique among the hydrocarbons in its ability to destabilize ammonium nitrate. Experiments utilized differential scanning calorimetry in combination with conventional isothermal techniques.

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“…The interaction of hydrocarbons with nitric acid has been much studied [6]. The active agent has been shown to be nitrogen dioxide and reaction to proceed by H .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate-based composites

1989

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“…(11) [4] and Eq. (12) [18,19] has previously been reported. As a result of these reactions, DPA appears to trap NO and NO 2 , and its hydrogen on the phenyl group or amino group is selectively substituted by NO and NO 2 molecules.…”

Section: Stabilization Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Conventional Stabilizers and Phenol Compounds Used as Antioxidants on the Stabilization of Nitrocellulose

Katoh

Yoshino

Kubota

et al. 2007

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The thermal behavior of nitrocellulose (NC) containing diphenylamine (DPA), 2-nitrodiphenylamine (2-NO 2 -DPA), N-nitrosodiphenylamine (N-NO-DPA), ethyl centralite (EC), akardite II (AKII), 1,1,3-tri-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-phenyl)-butane (BP less ), 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)-propionic acid octadecyl ester (BP hin ), and 3-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-propionic acid 2-(9-{2-[3-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methyl-phenyl)-propionyloxy]-1,1-dimethyl-ethyl}-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro [5.5] undec-3-yl)-2-methyl-propyl ester (BP semi ) was observed during isothermal storage at 393 K using a C80 microcalorimeter. The results indicate that each stabilizer decreased NCs maximum heat release rate and increased the induction period of heat release. We also observed that the maximum heat release rate and the induction period were dependent on the amount of stabilizer. DPA decreased the maximum heat release rate to the greatest extent, with the other stabilizers having similar effects on the decrease of maximum heat release rate. AKII prolonged the induction period of heat release most. The order of prolongation of the induction period was AKII > 2-NO 2 -DPA % DPA > N-NO-DPA % EC > BP less % BP semi % BP hin .

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“…It is reported that interfacial deposits have been observed with chemically degraded diluents, OK or n-DD and combination of TBP/n-DD or TBP/OK. Several authors reported that the degradation products formed by the two processes, chemical degradation and radiolytic degradation, may be similar since both proceed via free radical mechanisms [35,36]. Smith et al have identified the possible potential crud forming species and proposed various mechanisms for the formation of interfacial deposits during the alkaline solvent wash [34].…”

Section: Effect Of Alkali Wash On the Extraction Of Zr(iv)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent extraction studies with some fission product elements from nitric acid media employing tri-iso-amyl phosphate and tri-n-butyl phosphate as extractants

Sreenivasulu

Suresh

Sivaraman

et al. 2014

J Radioanal Nucl Chem

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Tri-iso-amyl phosphate (TiAP) has been identified as an alternate extractant to tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) for the reprocessing of fast reactor fuels. In the present work, extraction behaviour of some fission product elements such as Zr(IV), RuNO(III), TcO À 4 , La(III), Ce(III) and Nd(III) along with Am(III) has been investigated with 1.1 M solutions of TiAP and TBP in n-alkane diluents from nitric acid medium. The extraction of Zr(IV) has been evaluated with unirradiated and gamma irradiated solvents as a function of organic phase uranium(VI) loading. The influence of degradation products of TiAP and TBP on the extraction behaviour of fission products has also been examined. The effect of diluent degradation products and effect of alkali wash on the extraction of Zr(IV) is discussed. The formation of interfacial deposits during the washing of gamma irradiated solvents with alkali solution is also discussed.

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The free radical mechanism of nitration

Cited by 77 publications

References 19 publications

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate-based composites

Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate-based composites

The Effects of Conventional Stabilizers and Phenol Compounds Used as Antioxidants on the Stabilization of Nitrocellulose

Solvent extraction studies with some fission product elements from nitric acid media employing tri-iso-amyl phosphate and tri-n-butyl phosphate as extractants

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