The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: Part I – Function and composition

Terlizzi, Roberta Di; Platt, Simon R.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2005.07.021

Cited by 108 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Ventricular volume may reveal certain requirements of the brain since the CSF has a variety of functions including shock absorption, distribution of neurotransmitters and nutrients, removal of toxins and CSF protects the brain during blood pressure fluctuations (Di Terlizzi and Platt, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric Analysis of the African Elephant Ventricular System

Maskeo

Spocter

Haagensen

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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This study used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the volume of the ventricular system in the brain of three adult male African elephants (Loxodonta africana). The ventricular system of the elephant has a volume of $240 mL, an order of magnitude larger than that seen in the adult human. Despite this large size, allometric analysis indicates that the volume of the ventricles in the elephant is what one would expect for a mammal with an $5 kg brain. Interestingly, our comparison with other mammals revealed that primates appear to have small relative ventricular volumes, and that megachiropterans and microchiropterans follow different scaling rules when comparing ventricular volume to brain mass indicating separate phylogenetic histories. The current study provides context for one aspect of the elephant brain in the broader picture of mammalian brain evolution.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volumetric Analysis of the African Elephant Ventricular System

Maskeo

Spocter

Haagensen

et al. 2011

The Anatomical Record

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“…The functions of CSF include physical support and protection of CNS tissue, removal of large protein molecules and cells (the "lymphatic" function of CSF), intracerebral transport of biologically active substances formed in the hypothalamus (among them thyrotropin, corticotropin, growth hormone and gonadotropin releasing hormones) and homeostasis control of CNS microenvironment (Di Terlizzi and Platt, 2006;Vernau et al, 2008).…”

Section: Physiology and Composition Of Csfmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In health CSF total protein content is considerably lower compared to plasma or serum, due to the functions of the intact blood-brain barrier that prevents large size molecules from entering the subarachnoid space (Di Terlizzi and Platt, 2006). The reference intervals for normal CSF total protein content vary among diagnostic laboratories and also depend on the assay methodology applied (Levine and Levine, 2012).…”

Section: Total Protein Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Polizopoulou

2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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The significance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis has been compared to that of complete blood counts for systemic diseases. CSF changes generally follow specific patterns depending on the etiopathogenesis (inflammatory, metabolic, neoplastic) of neurological diseases, thus indicating which further diagnostic modalities should be applied. CSF collection requires operator skills and knowledge of sampling indications and contraindications. Analysis includes physical examination (colour, clarity, viscosity), cytological and biochemical analysis, microbiological and immunologic testing. Despite its limitations, CSF analysis is a useful diagnostic tool, in particular when results are interpreted in combination with historical information, clinical examination and the findings of clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging testing.Keywords: cerebrospinal fluid, diagnosis, neurological diseases, animals ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗ Η ανάλυση του εγκεφαλονωτιαίου υγρού (ΕΝΥ) είναι η σημαντικότερη εργαστηριακή εξέταση στη διαγνωστική διερεύνηση των παθήσεων του νευρικού συστήματος των ζώων, που ανάλογα με την αιτιολογία τους προκαλούν συνήθως συγκεκριμένου τύπου παθολογικές μεταβολές στη σύστασή του. Η δειγματοληψία του ΕΝΥ γίνεται με ατλαντοϊνιακή ή οσφυϊκή παρακέντηση του υπαραχνοειδούς χώρου, με την προϋπόθεση ότι δεν υπάρχει οποιαδήποτε από τις γνωστές αντενδείξεις (αύξηση ενδοκρανια-κής πίεσης, αδυναμία χορήγησης γενικής αναισθησίας, απειρία εξεταστή). Η ανάλυση περιλαμβάνει την εκτίμηση των φυσικών χαρακτηριστικών (χρώμα, διαφάνεια, ιξώδες), την κυτταρολογική (ποσοτική και ποιοτική), τη βιοχημική (μέτρηση ολικών πρω-τεϊνών και γλυκόζης), τη μικροβιολογική και τις ανοσολογικές εξετάσεις. Η διαγνωστική αξία των ευρημάτων της ανάλυσης του ΕΝΥ ενισχύεται περαιτέρω αν συνδυαστεί με τα στοιχεία του ιστορικού, της κλινικής και της νευρολογικής εξέτασης και ιδιαί-τερα με τα αποτελέσματα των ειδικών απεικονιστικών εξετάσεων.Λέξεις ευρετηρίασης: εγκεφαλονωτιαίο υγρό, διάγνωση, νοσήματα νευρικού συστήματος ζώων

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“…Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is characterized by increased total nucleated cell count (reference range: <5-8 leucocytes μL -1 for cerebellomedullary cistern collection) (Di Terlizzi and Platt, 2006;Bathen-Noethen et al, 2008). a predominance of neutrophils in the absence of bacteria is recorded in animals with acute form of the disease (Fig.…”

Section: Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other potential causes of inflammatory brain cerebrospinal fluid total protein concentration can also be expected (reference range: <250 mg L -1 for cerebellomedullary cistern collection) (Di Terlizzi and Platt, 2006;Tipold, 2000). The cerebrospinal fluid total protein concentration in the chronic form may be within normal limits or slightly elevated (Tipold, 2000).…”

Section: Differential Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs

Charalambous

Δανουρδησ)²,

Hatzis³

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system are common causes of neurological dysfunction in the dog and can be grouped into two broad categories; those of infectious and those of unknown aetiology. Μeningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology include non-infectious inflammatory central nervous system diseases in which abnormal findings on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis indicate inflammatory central nervous system disease, but for which histopathological confirmation has not been reached. Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology describes a group of non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. These include the granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis and the necrotising encephalitis, the latter can be further distinguished into two subtypes: necrotising meningoencephalitis and necrotising leucoencephalitis. Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis may be also included to this category and, usually, does not present signs of encephalitis or/and myelitis (except in the chronic form) and is easier diagnosed even without histopathological examination. In most cases of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology, a presumptive diagnosis can be achieved by the assessment of case presentation, theneurologic signs, cerebrospinal fluid testing, cross-sectional imaging of the central nervous system and appropriate microbiological tests.Definite diagnosis is achieved with histopathological examination. The underlying cause for these diseases is unknown. The clinical signs in meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology is variable and depends on which area of the central nervous sytem is affected. Meningoencephalomyelitis is acute in onset, progressive in nature and associated with multifocal to diffuse neuroanatomic localization. Extraneural signs are less common and these usually include pyrexia and peripheral neutrophilia. The differential diagnosis for dogs presented for an acute onset of multifocal central nervous system signs includes genetic abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious meningoencephalitis, toxin exposure, stroke and neoplasia.The diagnostic approach includes a complete blood count, a comprehensive chemistry panel, urinalysis, survey radiographs of the thorax plus abdominal ultrasound to rule out systematic disease and metastatic neoplasia, computed-tomography or magnetic reso meningitisnance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and microbiological tests.When neoplasia is suspected, computed-tomography-guided brain biopsy may be required for the differentiation. Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology responds more or less to immunosuppressive therapies, but the prognosis should be guarded to poor with the exception of steroid-responsive meningitisarteritis, for which it is good. Treatment protocols are based on prednisolone, but new immunosuppressive agents have now been added in those to control the diseases and they seem to be effective. However, gold standard protocols have yet to be established.

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The function, composition and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in companion animals: Part I – Function and composition

Cited by 108 publications

References 36 publications

Volumetric Analysis of the African Elephant Ventricular System

Volumetric Analysis of the African Elephant Ventricular System

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

An update on meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown aetiology in dogs

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