The functional composition of the neophytic flora changes in response to environmental conditions along a rural-urban gradient

Abstract

Compared to rural environments, cities are known to be extraordinarily rich in plant species. In particular, the proportion of alien plant species is higher in urban areas. This is attributed to specific urban conditions, which provide a large variety of habitats due to high geological heterogeneity. It can also be attributed to the role of cities as centres for plant introductions and the consequential increased propagule pressure. Neophytes, alien plant species introduced after the discovery of the Americas, appear to contribute especially strongly to the increased proportion of alien plants in cities. To investigate whether the plant traits of neophytes can be explained by environmental variables, we modelled the composition of their pollination types and growth forms as well as their diaspore weight and the onset of flowering in response to a selection of climatic, geological, land cover and traffic network variables with data from Germany. To test for a specific urban effect, we included their interactions with the area of urban land use. In general, we found that climatic variables were the most important predictors for all traits. However, when considering interactions with urbanisation, non-climatic variables, which often were not significant as the main effect, remained in the final models. This points to an existing ‘urban effect’. However, it is much smaller compared to the purely climatic effects. We conclude that interferences and alterations mainly related to urbanisation and human activity in general are responsible for the different ecological processes found in cities compared to rural areas. In addition, we argue that considering functional traits is an appropriate way to identify the ecological mechanisms related to urbanisation.

Shielded environments reduce stress in alien Asteraceae species during hot and dry summers along urban‐to‐rural gradients

“…Despite the fact that we found consistent patterns across species, we observed species-specific relationships which could have been related to their native climatic conditions (Wolf et al, 2020).…”

“…Most studies on plants along urban-to-rural gradients focus on community responses or trait selection by urbanization (see for alien species: Milanović et al, 2020;Wolf et al, 2020; or for native species: Knapp et al, 2008;Song et al, 2019), while studies of the phenotypic responses of alien plant species to urbanization are scarce.…”

Trait–environment relationships of plant species at different stages of the introduction process

“…The reason why native and alien species may respond differently to environmental factors is often attributed to their functional traits. Wolf et al (2020) showed a strong pattern of changes in functional composition with respect to environment in a ruralurban gradient. Traits relevant for the success of alien species are related to stress tolerance (i.e.…”

Urban affinity and its associated traits: A global analysis of bats

“…Many studies also investigated which traits characterize species that thrive in, tolerate or avoid urban areas (e.g. Callaghan et al, 2019; Jung & Threlfall, 2018; Knapp et al, 2010; Santini et al, 2019; Sayol et al, 2020; Wolf et al, 2020). Identifying these traits is crucial to understand how biodiversity responds to urbanization and thus guide the conservation of endangered species and urban planning.…”