The functional oculomotor network and saccadic cognitive control in healthy elders

Pa, Judy; Dutt, Shubir; Mirsky, Jacob B.; Heuer, Hilary W.; Keselman, Paul; Kong, Erwin; Trujillo, Andrew; Gazzaley, Adam; Kramer, Joel H.; Seeley, William W.; Miller, Bruce L.; Boxer, Adam L.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.051

Cited by 33 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Other studies have shown that when the FEF is lesioned, the suppression of the reflexive pro-saccade remains intact, however, the ability to generate anti-saccades becomes impaired (Gaymard et al, 1998; Davidson et al, 1999). Furthermore, imaging results in healthy elderly subjects – more prone to decline in executive function – indicated that with cognitive decline FEF activity was associated with poor anti-saccade performance (Pa et al, 2014). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-saccade error rates as a measure of attentional bias in cocaine dependent subjects

Dias

Schmitz

Rathnayaka

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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Cocaine-dependent (CD) subjects show attentional bias toward cocaine-related cues, and this form of cue-reactivity may be predictive of craving and relapse. Attentional bias has previously been assessed by models that present drug-relevant stimuli and measure physiological and behavioral reactivity (often reaction time). Studies of several CNS diseases outside of substance use disorders consistently report anti-saccade deficits, suggesting a compromise in the interplay between higher-order cortical processes in voluntary eye control (i.e., anti-saccades) and reflexive saccades driven more by involuntary midbrain perceptual input (i.e., pro-saccades). Here, we describe a novel attentional-bias task developed by using measurements of saccadic eye movements in the presence of cocaine-specific stimuli, combining previously unique research domains to capitalize on their respective experimental and conceptual strengths. CD subjects (N = 46) and healthy controls (N = 41) were tested on blocks of pro-saccade and anti-saccade trials featuring cocaine and neutral stimuli (pictures). Analyses of eye-movement data indicated (1) greater overall anti-saccade errors in the CD group; (2) greater attentional bias in CD subjects as measured by anti-saccade errors to cocaine-specific (relative to neutral) stimuli; and (3) no differences in pro-saccade error rates. Attentional bias was correlated with scores on the obsessive-compulsive cocaine scale. The results demonstrate increased saliency and differential attentional to cocaine cues by the CD group. The assay provides a sensitive index of saccadic (visual inhibitory) control, a specific index of attentional bias to drug-relevant cues, and preliminary insight into the visual circuitry that may contribute to drug-specific cue reactivity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-saccade error rates as a measure of attentional bias in cocaine dependent subjects

Dias

Schmitz

Rathnayaka

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

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“…Most of the direction errors made by elderly were initiated at longer latency, well beyond the express epoch for all but the 77-85 yo cohort (see insert in figures 4b and 5d), and could be more indicative of working memory performance than of inhibitory control. The changes in task performance that occur in the elderly have also been related to changes in functional connectivity in frontal cortex [56,57]. In summary, the different trajectories for the frequencies of…”

Section: Anti-saccade Behaviour Across the Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of saccade suppression revealed in the anti-saccade task

Coe¹,

Munoz²

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

138

122

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The anti-saccade task has emerged as an important tool for investigating the complex nature of voluntary behaviour. In this task, participants are instructed to suppress the natural response to look at a peripheral visual stimulus and look in the opposite direction instead. Analysis of saccadic reaction times (SRT: the time from stimulus appearance to the first saccade) and the frequency of direction errors (i.e. looking toward the stimulus) provide insight into saccade suppression mechanisms in the brain. Some direction errors are reflexive responses with very short SRTs (express latency saccades), while other direction errors are driven by automated responses and have longer SRTs. These different types of errors reveal that the anti-saccade task requires different forms of suppression, and neurophysiological experiments in macaques have revealed several potential mechanisms. At the start of an anti-saccade trial, pre-emptive top-down inhibition of saccade generating neurons in the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus must be present before the stimulus appears to prevent express latency direction errors. After the stimulus appears, voluntary anti-saccade commands must compete with, and override, automated visually initiated saccade commands to prevent longer latency direction errors. The frequencies of these types of direction errors, as well as SRTs, change throughout the lifespan and reveal time courses for development, maturation, and ageing. Additionally, patients diagnosed with a variety of neurological and/or psychiatric disorders affecting the frontal lobes and/or basal ganglia produce markedly different SRT distributions and types of direction errors, which highlight specific deficits in saccade suppression and inhibitory control. The anti-saccade task therefore provides valuable insight into the neural mechanisms of saccade suppression and is a valuable tool in a clinical setting.This article is part of the themed issue 'Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness'.

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“…Other studies have shown then when FEF is lesioned, the suppression of the reflexive pro-saccade remains intact, however, the ability to generate anti-saccades is impaired (Gaymard et al, 1998;Davidson et al, 1999). Furthermore, imaging results in healthy elderly subjects more prone to a decline in executive function indicate after cognitive decline, the aged FEF activity was associated with poor anti-saccade performance (Pa et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%