The gait of pacers 1: kinematics of the racing stride

Wilson, Barry D.; Neal, Robert J.; Howard, Alf; Groenendyk, S.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01542.x

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The values for foot-fall timings measured here are similar to previously published values of walk (Witte et al, 2004), tolt (Zips et al, 2001;Nicodemus and Clayton, 2003;Biknevicius et al, 2004), trot (Drevemo et al, 1980a;Drevemo et al, 1980b;Drevemo et al, 1980c;Clayton, 1994a), pace (Wilson et al, 1987a) and gallop (Hildebrand, 1959;Deuel and Lawrence, 1986;Clayton, 1994b;Back et al, 1997) in horses.…”

Section: Experimental Findings Stride Variablessupporting

confidence: 77%

Gait characterisation and classification in horses

Robilliard

Pfau

Wilson

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

123

114

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SUMMARY Although a large number of foot-fall sequences are possible in quadrupeds,few sequences are routinely used. The aim of this paper is to characterise, by foot-fall pattern, the gaits used by horses and develop a novel technique to classify symmetric and asymmetric gaits using one common criterion. To achieve this speed and relative foot-fall, timings of all four limbs of eight Icelandic horses were measured using accelerometers. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to find criteria that are optimal for discriminating between the different gaits. This also allowed us to evaluate whether gaits should be considered a continuum or as discrete entities. Foot-fall timings (stance times, swing times, duty factors and stride frequencies) for walk, tolt, trot, pace, left canter, right canter, left gallop and right gallop during over-ground locomotion at a range of speeds are presented. In the gaits of walk, tolt, trot and pace, foot-fall timings were equal between left and right hindlimbs and forelimbs so these gaits can be considered as symmetrical. Differences in stance times and duty factors were observed between gaits but are unlikely to be of biological significance due to their similar magnitude and inconsistent relative trends. This implies that metabolics or peak limb forces derived from contact times are unlikely to be the principal driving factors in gait transition between walk, trot, pace,canters and gallops, although these factors may influence the use of tolt at the lower and higher speeds. Gaits did cluster in the LDA space and the running gaits (tolt, trot, pace, left and right canters and gallops) could be considered a kinematic continuum but the relative relationship with walk may be more complex. Thus, LDA analysis has enabled common criteria to be discovered to accurately classify equine gaits on the basis of foot-fall timings on a stride-by-stride basis.

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Section: Experimental Findings Stride Variablessupporting

confidence: 77%

Gait characterisation and classification in horses

Robilliard

Pfau

Wilson

2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

123

114

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“…Since these four laps were run by two horses with and without weights, the preference of the fore-over the hindlimbs could be due to the individual footfall pattern of these horses rather than to the speed. These findings contrast those found in the literature for Standardbred pacers, where it was stated, that the hindlimbs tend to stay on the ground longer than the forelimbs, especially in high order finishing individuals (Wilson et al 1988a, Wilson et al 1988b. A study performed using Icelandic Horses also found that the stance time of the hindlimbs was longer than that of the forelimbs, but they also noted a considerable variation in fore-and hindlimb ratios and that the values for the stance times and ratios were more variable in the hindlimbs (Robilliard et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

“…Two studies dealt with the racing gait of Standardbred pacers in order to determine factors influencing the racing speed (Wilson et al 1988a, Wilson et al 1988b). The effects of the weight of the shoeing and changes in hoof length were the topic of another study of interest (Balch et al 1996), and one tested the influence of the shoeing on kinematic parameters (Singleton et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of locomotor parameters of the flying pace of Icelandic Horses after application of weights to the palmar aspect of the hoof

Boehart¹,

Massart²,

Marquis³

et al. 2012

PHK

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SummaryThe study was aimed at obtaining kinetic and timely data of the flying pace of Icelandic Horses and evaluating the influence of weights applied to the palmar aspect of the hooves of both forelimbs on variables tested. Seven Icelandic Horses were ridden in flying pace, once without and once with added weights. Force at impact, force at end impact, force at lift off, cycle duration, stance phase duration, swing phase duration, swing phase length and overlap were recorded using computerkinematographic devices on the metacarpal and metatarsal region of each limb. Data was analyzed using a generalized linear model, type III sums of squares to determine F-and p-values, with significance threshold of p≤ 0.05, post-hoc analyses were performed as t-tests over least square means. Mean values with standard deviations were obtained, when looking at all horses together, weights influenced force at impact, force at end impact and force at lift off significantly, as well as the overlap, resulting in greater gait-uniformity. Great individual differences were noted. The effect was greatest in less experienced horses. Insight into effects of the widely practiced use of weight-application to the distal forelimbs in Icelandic Horses is given. Conclusively, this use might be most beneficial in less experienced horses, but be less effective in horses well-trained in performing the flying pace.Keywords: Icelandic Horse / flying pace / biomechanics / weight / gait analysis Einfluss von Ballengewichten auf biomechanische Parameter des Rennpasses von IslandpferdenMit der Studie wurden einerseits kinematische und zeitliche Daten des Rennpasses von gerittenen Islandpferden erfasst und zum anderen der Einfluss von an den Ballen beider Vorderbeine angebrachter Gewichte auf die zuvor verwendeten Parameter evaluiert. Sieben Islandpferde wurden jeweils einmal ohne und einmal mit Ballengewichten 100m auf einer geraden Strecke mit festem ebenem Untergrund im Rennpass geritten. Mittels computerkinematographischer Sensoren am lateralen Metacarpus bzw. -tarsus aller vier Gliedmaßen wurden die verwendeten Parameter Beschleunigungen zum Zeitpunkt des ersten Aufsetzens, des vollständigen Bodenkontakts und des Abhebens vom Boden, Dauer eines Bewegungszyklus, der Stützphase und der Schwingphase, sowie Dauer des gemeinsamen Bodenkontakts der ipsilateralen Beinpaare (Overlap) während beider Läufe aufgezeichnet. Statistische wurden die Daten unter Verwendung eines verallgemeinerten linearen Modells Typ III Quadratsummen zur Bestimmung der F-und p-Werte mit einem Signifikanzwert von p≤ 0,05, post hoc-Analysen in Form von t-tests unter Verwendung der Least square-Mittelwerte analysiert. Für die Parameter wurden Mittelwerte mit der jeweiligen Standardabweichung ermittelt. Alle Pferde zusammen betrachtet beeinflusste der Einsatz der Ballengewichte die Parameter force at impact, force at end impact und force at lift off für jeweils drei Beine signifikant, ebenso den Overlap sowohl des rechten als auch des linken ipsilateralen Beinpaares. Die Veränderungen...

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“…However, analyses bases on high-speed film recordings are time consuming due to the tedious manual or semimanual tracking of marker positions. Consequently, most studies have been limited to analyses of basic intra-and/or inter limb variables [2][3][4][5][6]. With introduction of the TrackEye system, the tracking procedure can be speeded up consid erably.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…which permit recordings of fast movements with good time and linear resolution |l |. The recordings are usually performed with one camera from the side or front of the horse, thereby giving a two-dimensional image, and the analyses have mainly comprised basic time and linear vari ables [2][3][4][5][6], The major disadvantage with this technique is the tedious manual frame-by-frame digitization of the ref erence markers fixed to the horse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of TrackEye® in Equine Locomotion Research

Drevemo

Roepstorff²,

Kallings³

et al. 1993

Cells Tissues Organs

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TrackEye® is an analysis system, which is applicable for equine biokinematic studies. It covers the whole process from digitizing of images, automatic target tracking and analysis. Key components in the system are an image work station for processing of video images and a high-resolution film-to-video scanner for 16-mm film. A recording module controls the input device and handles the capture of image sequences into a videodisc system, and a tracking module is able to follow reference markers automatically. The system offers a flexible analysis including calculations of markers displacements, distances and joint angles, velocities and accelerations. TrackEye was used to study effects of phenylbutazone on the fetlock and carpal joint angle movements in a horse with a mild lameness caused by osteo-arthritis in the fetlock joint of a forelimb. Significant differences, most evident before treatment, were observed in the minimum fetlock and carpal joint angles when contralateral limbs were compared (p < 0.001). The minimum fetlock angle and the minimum carpal joint angle were significantly greater in the lame limb before treatment compared to those 6, 37 and 49 h after the last treatment (p < 0.001).

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The gait of pacers 1: kinematics of the racing stride

Cited by 20 publications

References 9 publications

Gait characterisation and classification in horses

Gait characterisation and classification in horses

Development of locomotor parameters of the flying pace of Icelandic Horses after application of weights to the palmar aspect of the hoof

Application of TrackEye® in Equine Locomotion Research

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