The gap effect in pro-saccades and anti-saccades in psychometric schizotypes

Klein, Christoph; Brügner, Georg; Foerster, Friedrich; Müller, Wolfgang P.; Schweickhardt, Axel

doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(00)00062-4

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the current study of healthy, young adults the IQ range was restricted and the SPQ scores were both restricted and low (see also Klein et al, 2000). Restriction of range may have limited our ability to resolve the relationships between the clinical and saccadic variables.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…This coupling suggests that (1) participants tend to use one of two strategies for performing antisaccade tasks: to emphasize speed or to maximize accuracy; and/or (2) that error rate may be secondary to speed of saccade generation (Klein et al, 2000). This pattern in healthy (Ethridge et al, 2009; Ettinger et al, 2005, Evdokimidis et al, 2002) and in schizophrenia (Harris et al, 2006) participants suggests that heightened visual orienting to a salient peripheral stimulus, manifested in speeded saccade latencies, may predispose to greater risk of antisaccade error generation independent of psychiatric status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evidence from cluster analysis for differentiation of antisaccade performance groups based on speed/accuracy trade-offs

Amlung²,

Valtcheva

et al. 2012

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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Anti and pro-saccade performance in single or mixed contexts was explored in a large sample of young adults (n=281). ANOVAs were first conducted to evaluate trial type, context and gender effects. A cluster analysis was then used to determine whether subgroups could be identified based on saccadic performance variables. Increased antisaccade errors were observed among females and during mixed-saccade runs. Cluster analysis identified two groups: 1) increased errors clustered with faster latencies and 2) decreased errors clustered with slower latencies. These data offer justification for examining subgroups based on saccadic performance and may help elucidate mechanisms underlying response variability within and between different populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from cluster analysis for differentiation of antisaccade performance groups based on speed/accuracy trade-offs

Amlung²,

Valtcheva

et al. 2012

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…However, the no-overlap version of the task may have some advantages: in contrast to the overlap version of the task, with the no-overlap when the antisaccade cue is presented, no stimulus is present and visual attention is not actively engaged. Suppression of a prepotent response, which is required for correct performance on the antisaccade task, may be more difficult during a task situation where attention is not engaged (Klein, Brügner, Foerster, Müller, & Schweickhardt, 2000) than in a task situation where attention is engaged (i.e., during the overlap version). In support of this suggestion, Curtis, Calkins, and Iacono (2001) administered two versions of the antisaccade task (an overlap and a no-overlap version) to schizophrenia patients, their biological relatives, and controls, and they found that the no-overlap task produced greater differences between relatives and controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antisaccade performance in schizophrenia patients, their first-degree biological relatives, and community comparison subjects: Data from the COGS study

et al. 2010

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The antisaccade task is a widely used technique to measure failure of inhibition, an important cause of cognitive and clinical abnormalities found in schizophrenia. Although antisaccade performance, which reflects the ability to inhibit prepotent responses, is a putative schizophrenia endophenotype, researchers have not consistently reported the expected differences between first-degree relatives and comparison groups. Schizophrenia participants(n=219) from the large Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) sample (n=1078) demonstrated significant deficits on an overlap version of the antisaccade task compared to their first-degree relatives (n=443) and community comparison subjects (CCS; n=416). Although mean antisaccade performance of first-degree relatives was intermediate between schizophrenia participants and CCS, a linear mixed-effects model adjusting for group, site, age, and gender found no significant performance differences between the first-degree relatives and CCS. However, admixture analyses showed that two components best explained the distributions in all three groups, suggesting two distinct doses of an etiological factor. Given the significant heritability of antisaccade performance, the effects of a genetic polymorphism is one possible explanation of our results.

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“…Concerning the observation of antisaccade deficits in populations at increased genetic risk for schizophrenia, numerous studies link elevated levels of schizotypal traits to increased antisaccade error rates on step antisaccade tasks in non-clinical samples (Ettinger et al, 2005b;Gooding, 1999;Holahan & O'Driscoll, 2005;Larrison, Ferrante, Briand, & Sereno, 2000;O'Driscoll, Lenzenweger, & Holzman, 1998;Smyrnis et al, 2003; but see O'Driscoll, 2005, andKlein, Brügner, Foerster, Müller, &Schweickhardt, 2000, for a failure to replicate this relationship using gap and overlap tasks). This deficit may be related more closely to positive than negative schizotypal symptoms (Ettinger et al, 2005b;Holahan & O'Driscoll, 2005) and is not due to increased levels of general psychopathology or neuroticism (Ettinger et al, 2005b;Smyrnis et al, 2003).…”

Section: Do Antisaccade Deficits Mark Genetic Liability For Schizophrmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antisaccade task as a research tool in psychopathology: A critical review

2006

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The antisaccade task is a measure of volitional control of behavior sensitive to fronto‐striatal dysfunction. Here we outline important issues concerning antisaccade methodology, consider recent evidence of the cognitive processes and neural mechanisms involved in task performance, and review how the task has been applied to study psychopathology. We conclude that the task yields reliable and sensitive measures of the processes involved in resolving the conflict between volitional and reflexive behavioral responses, a key cognitive deficit relevant to a number of neuropsychiatric conditions. Additionally, antisaccade deficits may reflect genetic liability for schizophrenia. Finally, the ease and accuracy with which the task can be administered, combined with its sensitivity to fronto‐striatal dysfunction and the availability of suitable control conditions, may make it a useful benchmark tool for studies of potential cognitive enhancers.

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The gap effect in pro-saccades and anti-saccades in psychometric schizotypes

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

Evidence from cluster analysis for differentiation of antisaccade performance groups based on speed/accuracy trade-offs

Evidence from cluster analysis for differentiation of antisaccade performance groups based on speed/accuracy trade-offs

Antisaccade performance in schizophrenia patients, their first-degree biological relatives, and community comparison subjects: Data from the COGS study

The antisaccade task as a research tool in psychopathology: A critical review

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