The genomic history of southwestern Chinese populations demonstrated massive population migration and admixture among proto-Hmong–Mien speakers and incoming migrants

Wang, Yicheng; Zou, Xing; Wang, Mengge; Yuan, Dejian; Yang, Li; Zeng, Yujie; Cheng, Fang; Tang, Renkuan; He, Guanglin

doi:10.1007/s00438-021-01837-3

Cited by 17 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We found the longest ROH indexes in Yao people than that in other populations (Figure 4e). Miao people have recently mixed with Han Chinese population and tended to have the shortest ROH values, which was consistent with previously evidenced admixture processes via admixture model reconstruction [37]. We also estimated the effective population size among HM people (Figure 5a), and all studied populations experienced different tracts of population bottleneck followed by population expansion.…”

Section: Fine-scale Population Differentiation Between Inland and Coa...supporting

confidence: 87%

“…To analyze the complete admixture and interaction landscape between HM people and other ancestral source groups, we merged our dataset with ancient eastern Eurasians included in the 1240K dataset. The Illumina reference populations included two AA Blang and Wa, nine Mongolic-speaking Baoan, Dongxiang, Mongolian, and Yugur, Sinitic-speaking Han and Hui populations from Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Guizhou, and Fujian provinces, six TB-speaking Pumi, Bai, Hani, Tibetan and Tujia, one Tungusic Manchu, and two Turkicspeaking Kazakh and Salar (Figure 1d) [13,20,21,37,38,[63][64][65][66][67][68][69] Mongolic people from 18 populations, 62 Tungusic people from 62 populations [18,40,41]. Ancient eastern Eurasians were included in both the HO dataset and the 1240K dataset, which included 48 ancient Yellow River Basin farmers from 20 populations in Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, and Gansu [15,18,70]; 30 ancient people from 13 populations in Amur River Basin or West Liao River Basin [2,70]; 23 ancient people from 9 population in Guangxi province [3]; 54 ancient people from 9 populations in Fujian province and Taiwan island [15]; 26 ancient people from 10 populations in Japan and Korea Peninsula [17]; 33 ancient people from 7 populations in Nepal in the Tibetan Plateau [54,71]; 54 ancient people from 9 populations southern Russia around Baikal lake regions [1,16,72]; 243 ancient people from 20 populations in the Mongolia Plateau [1]; 18 ancient people from 4 populations in Xinjiang [73].…”

Section: Data Set and Reference Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differentiated genomic footprints and connections inferred from 440 Hmong-Mien genomes suggest their isolation and long-distance migration

Chen

Liu³

et al. 2023

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Background: The underrepresentation of Hmong-Mien (HM) people in Asian genomic studies has hindered our comprehensive understanding of population history and human health. South China is an ethnolinguistically diverse region and indigenously settled by ethnolinguistically diverse HM, Austroasiatic (AA), Tai-Kadai (TK), Austronesian (AN), and Sino-Tibetan (ST) people, which is regarded as East Asia's initial cradle of biodiversity. However, previous fragmented genetic studies have only presented a fraction of the landscape of genetic diversity in this region, especially the lack of haplotype-based genomic resources. The deep characterization of demographic history and natural-selection-relevant architecture in HM people was necessary. Results: We comprehensively reported the population-specific genomic resources and explored the fine-scale genetic structure and adaptative features inferred from the high-density SNP data in 440 individuals from 34 ethnolinguistic populations, including previously unreported She. We identified solid genetic differentiation between inland (Miao/Yao) and coastal (She) southern Chinese HM people, and the latter obtained more gene flow from northern East Asians. Multiple admixture models further confirmed that extensive gene flow from surrounding ST, TK, and AN people entangled in forming the gene pool of coastal southeastern East Asian HM people. Population genetic findings of isolated shared unique ancestral components based on the sharing alleles and haplotypes deconstructed that HM people from Yungui Plateau carried the breadth of genomic diversity and previously unknown genetic features. We identified a direct and recent genetic connection between Chinese and Southeast Asian HM people as they shared the most extended IBD fragments, supporting the long-distance migration hypothesis. Uniparental phylogenetic topology and Network relationship reconstruction found ancient uniparental lineages in southwestern HM people. Finally, the population-specific biological adaptation study identified the shared and differentiated natural-selection signatures among inland and coastal HM people associated with physical features and immune function. The allele frequency spectrum (AFS) of clinical cancer susceptibility alleles and pharmacogenomic genes showed significant differences between HM and northern Chinese people. Conclusions: Our extensive genetic evidence combined with the historic documents supported the view that ancient HM people originated in Yungui regions associated with ancient 'Three-Miao tribes' descended from the ancient Daxi-Qujialing-Shijiahe people. And then, some recently rapidly migrated to Southeast Asia, and some culturally dispersed eastward and mixed respectively with Southeast Asian indigenes, coastal Liangzhu-related ancient populations, and incoming southward Sino-Tibetan people. Generally, complex population migration, admixture, and adaptation history contributed to their specific patterns of non-coding or disease-related genetic variations.

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Section: Fine-scale Population Differentiation Between Inland and Coa...supporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Data Set and Reference Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiated genomic footprints and connections inferred from 440 Hmong-Mien genomes suggest their isolation and long-distance migration

Chen

Liu³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Still, a recent study of genome-wide SNPs in the present-day HM populations showed that the Libo Yao is more representative of the ancestral lineage of HM groups than the 500-year-old Gaohuahua [ 27 ]. There is a growing number of genome-wide studies of HM-speaking populations, and they all revealed a north–south mixing pattern of HM-speaking people and the existence of genetic substructures among HM-speaking populations from different regions [ 27 – 29 ]. Gao et al extrapolated the divergence time of HM-speaking people and found that the separation of Yao from other HM groups was earlier than that between Miao and She.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide allele and haplotype-sharing patterns suggested one unique Hmong–Mein-related lineage and biological adaptation history in Southwest China

et al. 2023

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Background Fine-scale genetic structure of ethnolinguistically diverse Chinese populations can fill the gap in the missing diversity and evolutionary landscape of East Asians, particularly for anthropologically informed Chinese minorities. Hmong–Mien (HM) people were one of the most significant indigenous populations in South China and Southeast Asia, which were suggested to be the descendants of the ancient Yangtze rice farmers based on linguistic and archeological evidence. However, their deep population history and biological adaptative features remained to be fully characterized. Objectives To explore the evolutionary and adaptive characteristics of the Miao people, we genotyped genome-wide SNP data in Guizhou HM-speaking populations and merged it with modern and ancient reference populations via a comprehensive population genetic analysis and evolutionary admixture modeling. Results The overall genetic admixture landscape of Guizhou Miao showed genetic differentiation between them and other linguistically diverse Guizhou populations. Admixture models further confirmed that Miao people derived their primary ancestry from geographically close Guangxi Gaohuahua people. The estimated identity by descent and effective population size confirmed a plausible population bottleneck, contributing to their unique genetic diversity and population structure patterns. We finally identified several natural selection candidate genes associated with several biological pathways. Conclusions Guizhou Miao possessed a specific genetic structure and harbored a close genetic relationship with geographically close southern Chinese indigenous populations and Guangxi historical people. Miao people derived their major ancestry from geographically close Guangxi Gaohuahua people and experienced a plausible population bottleneck which contributed to the unique pattern of their genetic diversity and structure. Future ancient DNA from Shijiahe and Qujialing will provide new insights into the origin of the Miao people.

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“…PanAsia project used a 50K SNP dataset from Asian populations and identi ed the association between genetic structure, geographic isolation, and linguistic a liation 31 . Most previous genetic studies also used the merged dataset (50K ~ 190K) to explore the genetic relationship and admixture models of their focused populations, which has limited the use of most of the genetic diversity of the missing SNPs in Human Origins and 1240K SNP panel [32][33][34][35] . Thus, we used three different datasets (Original high-density worldwide modern population dataset, mediatedensity and low-density modern and ancient dataset) to characterize Guizhou populations' genetic features comprehensively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple sources of genetic diversity contributed to the extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Southwest China

Duan

Sun

et al. 2022

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Fine-scale genetic backgrounds based on the sharing of alleles and haplotypes can gain new insights into the population admixture processes of ethnolinguistically diverse populations, which is essential for evolutionary and medical phenotypes. However, the genetic diversity and population history of southern Chinese indigenous people and their interaction with Han Chinese populations keep unknown. Here, we genotyped 700K genome-wide SNPs from four Guizhou populations and merged them with publicly available data from 18 Guizhou populations and SNP data from 200 modern and ancient East Asian groups to perform one comprehensive population genetic analysis. We found that Guizhou populations harbored a strong genetic substructure correlated with the ethnolinguistically diverse Tai-Kadai (TK), Hmong-Mien (HM), and Tibeto-Burman (TB) categories. We comprehensively characterized the genetic signatures of geographically diverse HM people. We identified the unique HM genetic lineages in Southwestern China and Southeast Asia as their shared ancestry component in the admixture and demographical history reconstruction. Our identified admixture signatures and times further supported the hypothesis that the HM people originated in the Yungui Plateau and then southward migration during the historical period. Admixture models focused on ST and TK people supported their intense interaction and harbored the most extensive gene flow levels consistent with their shared linguistic and cultural characteristics and lifestyles. Estimates of shared IBD and effective population size showed the extensive population intrafraction and gene flow events in different time scales. This work focuses on the genetic features of high-density SNP markers, presents one complete landscape of the evolutionary genetic history of ethnolinguistically different southern China, and fills the gap of missing diversity in South China.

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The genomic history of southwestern Chinese populations demonstrated massive population migration and admixture among proto-Hmong–Mien speakers and incoming migrants

Cited by 17 publications

References 47 publications

Differentiated genomic footprints and connections inferred from 440 Hmong-Mien genomes suggest their isolation and long-distance migration

Differentiated genomic footprints and connections inferred from 440 Hmong-Mien genomes suggest their isolation and long-distance migration

Genome-wide allele and haplotype-sharing patterns suggested one unique Hmong–Mein-related lineage and biological adaptation history in Southwest China

Multiple sources of genetic diversity contributed to the extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Southwest China

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